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Aaron and Jenny Cavenaugh, long-time Duplin County, N.C., residents, lost their antiques business and turkey farm in the flooding that accompanied Hurricane Floyd.

Aaron Henry describes the role of race and racism in Mississippi politics.

Adele Clark was a founding member of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia and the League of Women Voters. In this interview, she describes how the suffrage movement unfolded in Virginia, discussing the successes as well as the obstacles suffragettes faced during their struggle.

Adetola Hassan, a British citizen of Nigerian descent, was a freshman student at Duke University at the time of this interview in 2001. In the interview, she discusses her Mormon faith, focusing on tensions surrounding Mormonism in the South as well as issues related to gender and race within the Church.

Albert Gore, Sr., reviews the history leading up to his Senatorial career, concentrating on his rural upbringing and his early political experiences. He also reflects on his impressions of other important politicians he knew, including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Sam Rayburn, Estes Kefauver, Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Albert Gore, Sr.—a politician from Tennessee noted for being one of two Southern senators to refuse to sign the Southern Manifesto, a 1956 document decrying the desegregation of public spaces in America—summarizes his senatorial career. He discusses his opposition to the Korean and Vietnam wars, as well as his activities on a variety of Senate committees.

Alester G. Furman, Jr., was born and raised in South Carolina, where his family had lived for generations. He describes his family's involvement in the founding of Furman University in the early 1800s, his father's role in the establishment of the textile industry in Greenville, and the evolution of the textile industry over the course of the early twentieth century.

African American photojournalist Alexander M. Rivera describes the civil rights movement and its aftermath. In particular, he describes some of his photographs, as well as the impact of the Brown decision (and the demise of legal segregation) on African American businesses and African American schools, including North Carolina Central College.

African American photojournalist Alexander M. Rivera describes the civil rights movement from his perspective as a reporter for the Pittsburgh Courier. He focuses on the nature of race relations and racial violence and describes the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education decision on the changing social landscape.

Racism and segregation return to declining integrated schools.

Alice Grogan Hardin remembers her early years in the rural Greenville County, SC, on the farm and at the mill.

Alice Evitt describes her rural childhood and life as a millworker and mother in North Carolina in the first half of the 20th Century.

Charlotte political operative Allen Bailey shares his thoughts on politics and community.

Alma Enloe remembers West Charlotte High School as an extension of the pre-integration African American community in Charlotte.

Physician Andrew Best recalls his encounters with racial segregation inside and outside Pitt County Memorial Hospital in civil rights-era North Carolina.

Andrew Young, the first African American congressman from Georgia since Reconstruction, describes his involvement in the early civil rights movements. After dedicating much time and energy to voter registration drives as a minister in Georgia, Young later entered politics and was first elected to Congress in 1972. Young cites the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as the decisive turning point in race relations and argues that it was this access to political power that allowed African Americans to bring to fruition other advances they had made in education, business, and social standing.

Andy K. Foley lost his job when the White Furniture Company closed, but he lost friendships and a playful work atmosphere as well. In this interview he recalls the fun he had on the job and laments the factory's closing.

African American activist fights for integration.

From 1981 to 1996, Anne Barnes sat in the North Carolina House of Representatives for Orange County. While there, she focused on issues of social justice, especially poverty, education, prison reform, civil rights and women's rights. In this 1989 interview, she gives an overview of her childhood and early adulthood before explaining how those experiences motivated her to become involved in the political arena. Here she discusses some of the political campaigns she has been associated with, including her own.

Anne Queen spent ten years working for the Champion Paper and Fibre Company in North Carolina before continuing her education at Berea College and Yale Divinity School during the 1940s. In this interview, she describes her life as a worker; her advocacy of social justice causes; her experiences in higher education; and her work at University of Georgia, with the Friends Service Committee, and the YWCA-YMCA at University of North Carolina.

Anne Queen (director of the YWCA-YMCA at University of North Carolina) discusses leftist student political groups at Chapel Hill during the 1950s and 1960s and the evolution of student activism into the 1970s. Additionally, she speaks more broadly about the role of radical politics in the South and offers her thoughts on the state of national politics at the time of the interview.

A black sharecropper's daughter discusses her difficult upbringing on the farm and the many stories of slavery on which she was raised.

Annie Mack Barbee describes her life as a worker in the segregated Liggett & Myers tobacco factories, and discusses how gender, class and race affected her life and the choices she made.

Arthur Griffin reminisces about Second Ward High School in Charlotte, NC, and reflects on the legacies of desegregation.

Arthur Little describes glove-making from his perspective as the owner of a glove mill in Newton, NC.

Southern sociologist and civil rights activist Arthur Raper discusses his interactions with Jessie Daniel Ames and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching during his tenure as the research director of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (1926-1939). Raper describes Ames as both an effective and contentious leader.

Birmingham politician Arthur Shores offers his thoughts on the intersection of race and politics in his home city.

Ashley Davis was a member of the Black Student Movement (BSM) at the University of North Carolina during the late 1960s and early 1970s. In this interview, he describes how the BSM supported the striking food workers at UNC in 1969.

Barbara Hanks remembers her career at the White Furniture Company and the effects of the company's closing on her community in Mebane, NC.

A lawyer argues for Native American civil rights in Robeson County, NC.

Longtime North Carolina high school principal Bennie Higgins describes the details of the position and reflects on race in the post-desegregation classroom.

Earl and Mattie Bell Cavanaugh, both over 80, express concern with the erosion of more values and discuss their frustrations with the government after Hurricane Floyd.

Bert Nettles discusses the state of politics and the Republican Party in Alabama in the 1970s. He discusses, among other things, desegregation, the need for honesty and ethics reform in the political system, and the effect of Watergate on the Republican Party.

Pentecostal pastor Bert Pickett provides a compelling description of the despair that accompanied Hurricane Floyd's devastation.

Betty and Lloyd Davidson discuss their experiences working in textile mills before the second world war and reflect on how these mills changed over the decades.

Billy Ray Hall, president of the Rural Economic Development Center, discusses the scope, environment and financial, of the flood damage in eastern North Carolina.

Blanche Scott describes her careers as a tobacco factory worker and beautician in Durham, NC.

A native of Louisville, Kentucky, Blyden Jackson devoted his life to education. Beginning as a teacher for the WPA during the Great Depression, Jackson eventually taught at Fisk University and Southern University, before becoming the first African American professor at the University of North Carolina. In this interview, he discusses the trajectory of his academic career, paying particular attention to issues of race and education.

Former Governor Robert W. Scott discusses the consolidation of the University system during his administration, focusing on the leadership of William Friday and Cameron Scott and the political maneuvering that characterized the process. In addition, he reflects on his accomplishments as governor, expressing pride in his ability to significantly reduce racial unrest during a tumultuous era.

Bob Scott, former governor of North Carolina and the state's community college system president, describes his tenure as governor and discusses North Carolina politics

A Farmer Responds to the Cane Creek Reservoir

Bonnie Cone describes her career as an educator in South Carolina and North Carolina during the first half of the twentieth century. After teaching at Duke University during World War II, she moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, and became one of the primary personages behind the successful establishment of a university in that city.

The Reverend Brenda Tapia, one of the first African Americans to attend North Mecklenburg High School in Charlotte, NC, describes an alternative view of desegregation.

John Broadus Mitchell grew up in a family that held to liberal politics and believed in community involvement. Educated as an economic historian, Mitchell conducted extensive research on the establishment of the cotton textile industry in the South following the Civil War. In the 1920s and 1930s, he advocated for worker rights, spoke out against racial violence, and socialist politics.

One of the first African American students to attend Chapel Hill High School discusses his continuing ambivalence about integration and its effect on the black community.

Noted historian C. Vann Woodward reflects on race relations in the American South.

Mill owner Caesar Cone reflects on the textile industry and what he views as the pernicious influence of government in business and society.

Calvin and Elizabeth Kytle were both born and raised in the South. After World War II, they spent several years in Atlanta, Georgia, before moving to Ohio. The Kytles held liberal views on race issues and supported civil rights. Here, they describe their perceptions of race problems and their thoughts on the actions of various leaders and politicians, ranging from pro-segregationists to racial moderates to civil rights activists.

Carl A. Mills, Jr., principal of Cary High School during its desegregation, recalls a relatively easy process of integration.

Carlee Drye was a founding member of the local union for aluminum workers in Badin, North Carolina, which later merged with the Steel Workers of America. Drye served as president of the local in the 1950s, during which time he worked actively to change policies of racial discrimination in the Alcoa aluminum plant. He retired from the plant and from the union in 1970s. He speculates about relations between the union, the community, and Alcoa following his retirement.

Carnell Locklear recalls his fight for Lumbee Indian rights in eastern North Carolina in the 1970s and 1980s.

Carolyn Farrar Rogers discusses how growing up in rural North Carolina sheltered her from racism and taught her the values of hard work and racial self-worth. These values served her well as a teacher during the early desegregation period.

A white student's experience with racial division at West Charlotte convinces her of the importance of integrated education.

Carrie Lee Gerringer describes what it was like to work in the textile mills in Bynum, North Carolina, from the 1920s into the post-World War II years. She discusses growing up in a working class family, focusing especially on balancing family and work. Married at sixteen, Gerringer worked in the textile mills throughout her adult life, struggling to make ends meet while raising six children.

North Carolina doctor Carroll Lupton recalls his days practicing medicine in the mill town of Burlington, North Carolina. Focusing primarily on the 1930s, Lupton talks about providing medical care to poor mill workers. Lupton emphasizes medical treatment for pregnant women, treatment of venereal disease, and popular medical remedies of the day.

Cary Joseph Allen, Jr., an aluminum worker for Alcoa in Badin, North Carolina, describes the establishment of a local branch of the Aluminum Workers of America in the mid-1930s. Initial efforts at organization were hampered by the strong paternalistic influence Alco exerted over the community, yet efforts to unionize had succeeded by 1937.

Charles Adams was a teacher and coach in Wake County, North Carolina, during the 1960s before becoming the Assistant Director (and later the Director) of the North Carolina High Schools Athletics Association. In addition, Adams' father was a leader of the effort to desegregate Wake County schools. Consequently, Adams offers an insider's perspective on the process of school desegregation, focusing specifically on Cary, North Carolina, as a pioneer and model for other local schools.

Charles D. Thompson describes his career as a small farmer in North Carolina. Though he found financial success in farming, he was not able to recapture the feel of the farming community of his youth.

Black principal Charles Johnson describes the challenges of his profession and his extra effort to maintain discipline in a post-desegregation environment.

Charles Jones led the First Presbyterian Church in Chapel Hill as pastor in the late 1940s. He describes his education and ministry in this interview and the controversies during his time at the church. The regional presbytery disapproved of Jones's active support of the Freedom Riders, black attendance in the church, and his failure to read the Article of Faith during services. He describes how he was expelled from the church despite the support of some UNC students and faculty. At the end of the interview, he discusses his views on why "separate but equal" failed and whether people missed an opportunity to change race relations between 1945 and 1950.

Longtime Charlotte politician Charles Lowe discusses the county-city consolidation issue in Charlotte, NC, and offers his thoughts on the broad, impersonal trends that dominate the political process.

Though Christine and Dave Galliher are interviewed together, the focus is on Christine's memories of life and work in Elizabethton. She describes life and work in Elizabethton, Tennessee, during the late 1920s through the 1940s. She also discusses their participation in the 1929 walk-out strike at the Bermberg and Glantzstoff textile mills; Christine's attendance of the Southern Summer School for women workers; life during the Great Depression; and balancing work and family.

Clark Foreman worked in the Atlanta Commission on Interracial Cooperation, the Roosevelt Administration, and the Southern Conference for Human Welfare from the 1920s through the 1940s. This interview traces his efforts to provide equal social services and political rights for African Americans through these organizations and explains how he developed these goals. He also discusses his travels in Europe, his work with Black Mountain College and organized labor, and his criticism of the communist scare. His wife, Mairi Foreman, explains how his views sometimes offended his associates but inspired his children to lifelong political awareness.

Claude Pepper reflects on his political career and the rise of conservatism in Florida.

Clay East was a founding member of the Southern Tenant Farmers Union. In this interview, he describes life in Tyronza, Arkansas, during the 1920s and 1930s; his conversion to socialism; his observation of the problems of tenant farmers and sharecroppers; and his role in the formation of the union during the early 1930s.

Clyda Coward, joined by her sister Debra and other family members, reflects on her childhood in rural North Carolina and the state of the small community of Tick Bite in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.

Clyde Cook describes life and work for African Americans in Badin, North Carolina. Discussing such topics as school segregation, racial hierarchies in the workplace, and the lack of job opportunities, Cook offers insight into social and economic inequalities in a Southern working community.

Clyde Smith recalls the tensions that integration introduced to athletics at North Carolina's Lincolnton High School.

Coleman Barbour reflects on the diminished power of black principals as well as the state of the black community and its waning investment in education.

Conrad Odell Pearson grew up in Durham, North Carolina. After obtaining his law degree at Howard Law School in the early 1930s, Pearson returned to Durham, where he became actively involved in legal struggles against segregation in higher education. In this interview, he describes his participation in various civil rights activities, his perception of African American leaders James Shepherd and C. C. Spaulding, and race relations in Durham.

Cynthia Sykes Cook recalls the closing of the White Furniture Factory in Mebane, NC.

Journalist and activist Daisy Bates recalls working for civil rights in desegregation-era Arkansas.

Daniel Duke was born in Palmetto, Georgia, in 1915 and became a lawyer during the 1930s. The solicitor general of Fulton County in the late 1930s and early 1940s, Duke presided over a case against the Ku Klux Klan and their use of flogging as a terror tactic against both African Americans and whites. In the mid-1940s, he became the assistant attorney general of Georgia.

Mars Hill, N.C., town manager Darhyl Boone fondly remembers his childhood in Madison County but worries that small-town values are being eroded by development.

North Carolina business leader and former Commerce Secretary S. Davis (Dave) Phillips discusses his personal successes as a businessman in High Point and his successes as Commerce Secretary under Governor Jim Martin.

Economist David Breneman discusses his brief tenure with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1977. In this interview, Breneman describes his role in the establishment of federal criteria for school desegregation, focusing particularly on HEW's interactions with education officials in North Carolina.

A northerner who followed his passion for justice south, David Burgess spent his life living his religious convictions through a devotion to economic and racial justice. Burgess recalls his involvement with some vanguard rights organizations, such as the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, a group Burgess believes laid the foundation for a civil rights movement motivated by Christian beliefs.

David Burgess discusses how his religious faith fused into his life work of social activism. In particular, he explains his involvement in labor organizing in the South.

David Pryor discusses the new political order in Arkansas just months before he won the state's governorship.

Chairman and CEO of Quintiles Transnational Corporation describes his company's success and his business philosophy.

Dock Hall recalls his laboring life, focusing on his years as a miner.

Dora Scott Miller reflects on the changes in tobacco factory work from the perspective of an African American woman.

Dorothy Royster Burwell describes her family history and remembers the devastating effect of "the water," in the form of a government-built lake, that wiped away her community of Sudan, Virginia.

Daniel Okun, a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel at the time of the interview, lays out the case for creating the Cane Creek reservoir.

South Carolinian Edith Mitchell Dabbs discusses her family history as well that of her husband's family, which owned the Rip Raps Plantation. In addition, she describes the work she and her husband, James McBride Dabbs, did in advocating for racial justice during the 1940s and 1950s, their evolving views about race and race relations, and her involvement with the United Church Women.

State congresswoman Edith Warren describes the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd in Pitt County, NC.

Edna Yandell Hargett describes life and work in North Charlotte, a mill village in Charlotte, North Carolina. Focusing primarily on the 1920s through the 1940s, Hargett discusses her work as a weaver in North Charlotte textile mills. In addition, she explains in detail how textile mill workers functioned like "one big family" both at work and in the community.

Edward L. Rankin served as private secretary to North Carolina Governors William Umstead (1952-1954) and Luther Hodges (1954-1961). In this interview he describes their political leadership, the Pearsall Plan, and the spectrum of political responses to the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Edward S. Johnson describes the emergence of a coherent grassroots opposition to the Cane Creek Reservoir project and describes how the opposition worked.

Tobacco auctioneer Edward Stephenson reflects on his two decades of brokering tobacco sales and shares his concerns about the decline of the industry.

Edwin Caldwell recalls a lifetime of political organization and advocacy.

Elizabeth and Courtney Siceloff recall their work with the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen and with the Penn School. The interview centers largely on the internal problems and external mission of the Fellowship.

Elizabeth Brooks was one of the leaders of the UNC Food Workers' Strike of 1969. As a new worker in the Lenoir Dining Hall, Brooks helped to organize the food workers with the help of Preston Dobbins and the Black Student Movement. This interview focuses on the first strike, which was sparked by the unexpected firing of one worker, low wages, and withheld back pay for overtime.

Elizabeth Brown, a white teacher who taught at John Carroll High School in Birmingham, Alabama, describes desegregation and its legacies in her city.

Elizabeth Pearsall reflects on the role of her husband, Thomas Pearsall, in the North Carolina school desegregation plan. She also discusses her own efforts at fostering racial cooperation.

Ellen Black Winston was born and raised in North Carolina. She received her doctorate in sociology in 1930. Actively involved in issues of social welfare in North Carolina, Winston was appointed as the North Carolina Commissioner of Public Welfare in 1944 and went on to become the first United States Commissioner of Welfare in 1963. In this interview, she describes problems and opportunities for professional women, her goals to improve standards of social welfare in North Carolina, and her work with various branches of government.

Originally from Brooklyn, New York, Ellen Gerber received her doctorate in physical education and taught in northern colleges before attending law school at the University of North Carolina during the mid-1970s. After her graduation, she accepted a job with Legal Aid. She describes her careers in physical education and law and discusses in detail her advocacy of women's issues.

Elva Templeton remembers her childhood in historic Cary, N.C.

Emily S. MacLachlan grew up in the early 20th century in Jackson, Mississippi, in a family that advocated relatively progressive ideas about race. MacLachlan describes her mother's efforts to balance family life with social activism (specifically with the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching), her own academic endeavors, and her advocacy of civil rights and radical politics during the 1930s.

Emma Whitesell recalls a lifetime of work in North Carolina textile mills.

Emma Whitesell discusses changes at Plaid Mill and Swepsonville following the retirement of Walter Williams.

Ernest Seeman offers a critical assessment of life in Durham, North Carolina, during the late nineteenth century. Seeman spent his early career as a printer, first as his father's apprentice and later as sole proprietor of the Seeman Printery, and he discusses interactions between his family and the Duke family. In addition, Seeman explains his increasing radicalization as head of the Duke Press (1925 to 1934) and briefly discusses his decision to become a writer in later years.

Ethel Bowman Shockley and her daughter Hazel Shockley Cannon describe life and work in the mill town of Glen Raven, North Carolina. Shockley worked at the Plaid Mill from 1927 to 1964; she describes how working conditions changed through the Depression, World War II, and the postwar years.

Ethel Marshall Faucette describes the working environment and social life of the Glencoe mill town in Burlington, North Carolina. Faucette worked at Glencoe Mill from 1915 to 1954 and she explains the changes to workers' lives over her decades of employment.

Eula Durham and her husband Vernon recall their experiences as mill workers in Bynum, NC.

Eula and Vernon Durham Eula and Vernon Durham talk about integration and attempts at unionization at the Bynum textile plant.

Life-long textile worker Eula McGill shares her thoughts on the benefits of Alabama textile unions.

Eula McGill grew up in Sugar Valley, Georgia, during the early twentieth century. Raised in a working class family, McGill had to leave school because of her family's economic hardships and began to work in a textile mill as a spinner at the age of 14. By the late 1920s, McGill had moved to Alabama, where she became a leader in the labor movement in Selma. Throughout the Great Depression, McGill primarily worked as a labor organizer, first for the Women's Trade Union League and later for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers' Union.

Southern labor organizer Eula McGill explains her views on leadership in the labor movement and the role of workers' education. After rising through the ranks of the labor movement during the Great Depression, McGill continued to work actively to organize workers from the 1940s to the 1970s. She describes in detail various labor campaigns and strikes in the South, as well as her work with the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union and other labor organizations.

Eulalie Salley, a suffragist from South Carolina, describes the effort of American suffragists to bring about the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; the issues that mobilized male and female supporters of women's suffrage; the important leaders in the movement; and the issues facing women today.

Eunice Austen recalls the changes that took place in North Carolina mills over the years.

Eunice Austin remembers her life in Catawba County, NC, focusing on her many years working in the textile and furniture industries.

Activist and politician Eva Clayton describes her years of service in and out of politics in Warren County, NC.

Eva Hopkins worked in a cotton mill from the 1930s until 1952 and recalls various aspects of millwork, union activity, social activities, and life in the mill villages.

Evelyn Gosnell Harvell recalls growing up on a South Carolina farm and the more than three decades she spent as a weaver in a textile mill.

Dr. Evelyn Schmidt discusses the connections between race, class, nationality, and health in Durham, NC.

Political journalist Ferrel Guillory describes the state of party politics in North Carolina.

Flake and Nellie Meyers describe what it was like to live and work in and around Conover, North Carolina, during the early to mid-twentieth century. As a worker in various furniture companies and as the foreman at the Southern Desk Company, Flake Meyers describes in vivid detail the various kinds of skills involved in furniture making, the role of machinery in the industry, and workplace relationships. Nellie Meyers similarly describes the kinds of family labor systems and social customs that shaped their lives.

Florence Dillahunt describes growing up on a small tobacco farm near Grifton, North Carolina, during the 1930s and 1940s. Dillahunt's family were victims of the extensive flooding that Hurricane Floyd brought to eastern North Carolina in 1999. She describes the devastating impact on their farm and their personal lives.

Flossie Moore Durham fondly remembers mill work, the mill community, and her long life as a wife and mother in Bynum, NC.

Flossie Moore Durham discusses her family's career in the Bynum textile mill.

Two-time mayor and newspaper publisher Floyd Adams, Jr., describes urban renewal past and present in Savannah, GA, and its impact on the black community.

Granville County, North Carolina, resident Floyd Alston and his mother, Ethel Thorpe Austin, remember their lives in the area in an interview that touches on, among other topics, racial identity and the struggles of post-emancipation African Americans to find economic and social security.

Civil rights activist Floyd McKissick evaluates the legacies of the civil rights movement and looks toward its next phase in the 1970s.

A two-term member of the Texas state legislature, France Farenthold describes reform efforts in Texas politics during the late 1960s and early 1970s. In addition, Farenthold talks about what she perceives as a decline in overt racism during the post-World War II years, the role of women, and other demographic and sociocultural changes in Texas politics.

Frances Hogan was in charge of finding facilities, equipment, and competitions for the women's athletics program at the University of North Carolina from 1946 to the 1970s. She discusses how students and coaches worked around the limitations to plan their own tournaments and occasionally succeeded on the national level. She describes the change from club sports to NCAA division sports and the introduction of Title IX in the 1970s. The interview ends with her summary of why the program is successful.

Frances Pauley was born and raised in Decatur, Georgia, during the early twentieth century. An advocate of poor people and of racial integration, Pauley served as president of the Georgia League of Women Voters in the 1940s and 1950s, where she focused specifically on integration of public schools. In 1960, she became director of the Georgia Council on Human Relations and worked within the civil rights movement to promote African American leadership and interracial organizations.

Frank Gilbert recalls his laboring life in and around Conover, NC.

Frank Durham discusses how his family first came to work in the mills and describes other people they got to know there. He describes the inner workings of the mill, the ways management negotiated labor complaints with the employees, the social structure of the mill village, and the commonalities of mill town life.

African American reflects on race and protest in segregated Chapel Hill, NC.

Frederick Douglas Alexander served as a city council member who worked to consolidate Charlotte-Mecklenburg County from 1969 to 1971. He discusses the failures of the consolidation movement.

Geddes Dodson worked as a textile mill employee for sixty years. During that time, he progressed through the factory's employment hierarchy, seeing many different aspects of life within the mills. He often focuses on issues involving masculinity and unionism.

George and Tessie Dyer discuss their jobs in Charlotte cotton mills and their lives outside of work. They describe their childhood and the work their parents and grandparents did. They recall the parties and social events that their friends participated in after work. The interview ends with their observations about local union activity.

George F. Dugger, Sr., describes his family history and experiences as the plant lawyer during the 1929 Elizabethton Rayon Plant Strike.

George Perkel evaluates the failure of unions in the post-World War II South.

George Elmore discusses a life that took him from farm labor to mill management in rural North Carolina.

Dentist George Simkins describes his efforts to desegregate hospitals and other facilities in Greensboro, NC.

George Watts Hill was a prominent business leader in the Durham area during the twentieth century. He offers his perspective on the changing nature of business and its impact on the community. In particular, he describes his business endeavors in such areas as banking, insurance, land development, dairy farming, and public service.

Geraldine Ray has lived in Barnardsville, North Carolina, nearly her entire life. In this interview, she describes growing up on her family's farm, attending all-black schools, and caring for sick relatives and friends. She describes racial segregation as a problem that seemed less difficult to avoid than segregation and prejudice between local black residents. Geraldine learned several essential skills of farm life from her grandmother and then used them to support the family through illness. The interview concludes with a description of her husband—a childhood friend—and how they chose to raise their children.

Gladys Irene Moser Hollar and her husband, Glenn Hollar, share recollections about work and rural life in the early 20th century.

Gladys Avery Tillett was an advocate for women's suffrage during the early twentieth century and a participant in both state and national politics from the 1920s into the 1950s. In this interview, she describes her education, her work with the League of Women Voters, and her experiences as a leader in the National Democratic Party.

Gladys Florene Harris discusses the difficulty of supporting herself and her husband for four decades.

A Birmingham lawyer shares his reflections on segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, and racism in the U.S.

Integration was incomplete and did little to rid schools of racism, maintains Gloria Register Jeter in this interview. The close ties between school and community that existed in segregated black Chapel Hill evaporated when black schools were absorbed into a system that Jeter believed had little interest in black students' success.

Gordon Berkstresser III shares the fruits of his study of the textile industry.

Former Arkansas Governor Dale Bumpers describes the accomplishments of his administration (1970-1975), the changing political conditions—along with the political strategy—that had allowed for his election, and his hopes for the future as he prepared to enter the United States Senate.

Longstanding Alabama governor and former presidential candidate George Wallace discusses Alabama politics and racial issues in the United States.

Rosamonde R. Boyd shares her observations on women's activism in the early 20th century.

Grace Aycock briefly describes her childhood and her education in North Carolina during the 1920s and 1930s. Most of the interview is dedicated to a discussion of Aycock's life with her husband, William Aycock, Chancellor of the University of North Carolina (1957-1964). She also discusses her husband's decision to return to teaching, her pursuit of a Master's degree in social work, and her battle with multiple sclerosis.

Born in 1924, Grace Jemison Rohrer eventually settled in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, with her family. In the 1960s she became involved in organizing the Republican Party in Forsyth County and she joined forces with Democratic women in order to establish the North Carolina Women's Political Caucus in 1971. In 1973, Governor James Holshouser appointed her to serve as the Secretary of Cultural Resources. Throughout the 1970s, Rohrer advocated for women to have a more active role in politics, and she actively supported the Equal Rights Amendment.

Grace Towns Hamilton was raised in Atlanta, where both of her parents were involved in community service and issues of social justice. Following family tradition, Hamilton was an active participant in the YWCA during the 1920s, and during the 1940s and 1950s she was the director for Atlanta's Urban League. She describes her work with these organizations, focusing on issues of segregation, education, voter registration, and housing.

Guion Griffis Johnson was among the first generation of female professional historians and a pioneer of social history. For this interview, she discusses the work she did for Dr. Howard Odum of the University of North Carolina Department of Sociology from 1923 until 1934. She also describes the research she did for projects on St. Helena's Island and on antebellum North Carolina while working toward her Ph.D. She explains how she lost her job at the University of North Carolina in 1930 but continued to work until she and her husband transferred to Baylor College in 1934.

Southern sociologist Guion Griffis Johnson describes her work with the Georgia Conference on Social Welfare during the 1940s and her involvement with the women's movement and civil rights activism during the 1960s and 1970s in North Carolina. She discusses strategies for effecting change, the achievements of the Georgia Conference in promoting awareness of social welfare and race-related issues, and the progress of women and African Americans in their struggle for equality.

Guion Griffis Johnson, a Southern sociologist who received her Ph.D. in sociology from UNC-Chapel Hill in 1927, discusses the challenges she faced as she balanced career and family as a woman. Johnson describes women's changing roles in American society, and addresses her involvement in voluntary organizations, advances in birth control and abortion, and the evolving nature of marriage, divorce, and family.

Dr. Guy B. Johnson was a UNC sociology professor and author. This interview focuses on his work as the first executive director of the Southern Regional Council (SRC) and as a member of the North Carolina Committee for Interracial Cooperation. Johnson discusses the role that women and church groups played in the Interracial Commission, and he describes the debate over issues such as segregation among SRC members. He also describes the conflict between SRC leaders and the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. The interview ends with Johnson's analysis of post-war economic issues and foreign politics in relation to the Southern Conference and SRC.

Sociologist Guy B. Johnson describes his path to sociology and recalls his participation in the Southern Regional Council in the 1940s.

In 1962, Gwendolyn Matthews was one of five African American students to integrate Cary High School in North Carolina. In this interview, she describes her experiences in the integration process, emphasizing the hostility of white students and teachers. In addition, she speaks more broadly about segregation and integration in Cary and Raleigh.

H. M. Michaux, a Durham, NC, state representative, describes the role of black electoral politics in North Carolina's state government. He reflects on staying power of the Republican Party in Southern politics.

Harold Fleming recounts how he became involved with the Southern Regional Council and the kinds of criticisms he faced for opposing racism in the 1940s and 1950s. He especially remembers many Communist trials designed to scare racial progressives and how many limited their involvement in organizations like the S.R.C. for fear of losing their jobs. Fleming compares the leadership styles of those he encountered in the organization and mentions that he was motivated by frustration with the Jim Crow system and its consequences for the South.

Harriet Love shares memories of and fondness for West Charlotte, a truly unique school.

Harriet Herring, University of North Carolina sociologist, recalls her efforts to study labor at North Carolina mill towns in the first half of the 20th Century.

Southern novelist Harriette Arnow discusses what it was like to grow up in Kentucky during the 1910s and 1920s. The teacher turned writer focuses especially on her family relationships, her experiences in school and in teaching, her goals as a writer, and her views on marriage and family.

Architect and politician Harvey Gantt describes his ascent from a childhood in segregated Charleston, SC, to becoming the first black mayor of Charlotte, NC. As a southerner, he sees the accomplishments of the civil rights movement as dramatic; as a member of the black middle class, he leans toward negotiation rather than revolt.

Harvey E. Beech describes his journey to becoming a lawyer fighting for legal justice. In 1951, he was one of five students who made up the first group of African Americans to attend the University of North Carolina's law school. Beech assesses the racial changes since the mid-twentieth century and discusses racism in contemporary America.

Henry Frye grew up in a segregated farming community in North Carolina during the 1930s and 1940s before becoming a lawyer. He went on to become the first African American elected to the North Carolina General Assembly and to serve on the state Supreme Court. In this interview, he describes race relations, his career as a lawyer, and his experiences in politics.

Herman Norton Truitt describes running a grocery store from the 1920s to the 1940s. The store was patronized primarily by mill workers in Burlington, NC.

Senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia offers concluding remarks in this final interview of a three-part series. He reflects on contemporary political issues of the mid-1970s, including civil rights, Vietnam, and abuses of power on the part of the CIA and the FBI. Finally, he reflects on his political legacy in the state of Georgia.

In this interview, the first in a three-part series, Herman Talmadge discusses his political career as Governor of Georgia and his decision to run for the United States Senate. The son of Eugene Talmadge, Herman Talmadge recalls his involvement in his father's gubernatorial campaigns during the 1930s and 1940s. He explains in detail his perception of the 1947 "three governors controversy" (referred to by Talmadge here as the "Two Governors Row"), which arose after he was appointed governor by the legislature, only to be removed following a ruling by the Georgia Supreme Court. Talmadge also discusses his own political campaigns, his relationship with his political rivals and colleagues, and the growing importance of race in Southern politics during the mid-twentieth century.

Senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia recalls his years in the Senate from the mid-1950s through the mid-1970s. He discusses changes in the Democratic party; assesses the leadership styles and accomplishments of presidents and other major political figures during his tenure in the Senate; explains his views on civil rights, environmentalism, consumerism, and the impact of television on national politics; and he offers his thoughts on problems facing America during the 1970s, particularly in relationship to the Watergate scandal.

Georgia politician Herman Talmadge reflects on race in southern politics and the intrusive process of desegregation.

Hill Baker recalls his long working life as a railroad worker and a factory employee in Conover, NC.

Journalist Hodding Carter describes the changes wrought in Mississippi by the civil rights movement.

Socialist and Christian activist Howard Kester describes his work in various organizations committed to social justice in the South during the 1930s and 1940s. In particular, Kester focuses on his work in promoting equality for African Americans and working people in the South, including his efforts to bridge gaps between those two groups.

Howard Kester was a pacifist and social reformer in the South from the early 1920s through the 1960s. In this interview, he focuses on his adherence to pacifism, Christianity and the Social Gospel, and Socialism. He describes his work to end injustices associated with race and labor, and assesses the work of prominent social justice leaders in the South during the 1920s and 1930s.

Howell Heflin, who sat on the Alabama State Supreme Court in the 1970s before a two-decade tenure in the US Senate, discusses the post-segregation Alabama judiciary.

Hoy Deal recalls his youth and young manhood in rural North Carolina, including stints at lumber mills and glove factories, two industries that, along with textiles, were a vital part of the state's economy in early 20th century.

Sociologist Hylan Lewis describes his experiences with race in the American South in the post-World War II period.

In this interview, I. Beverly Lake Sr. reflects on his long career as a teacher, attorney, and judge. He counsels white political unity as a means to stem racial integration.

Icy Norman recalls her long working life, most of which was spent at a textile mill in Burlington, North Carolina.

Icy Norman recalls the many ways the Burlington Mill affected the daily lives of mill workers.

Igal Rodenko came of age during the 1930s and became increasingly involved in leftist politics during those years. During World War II he embraced philosophies of non-violence and pacifism and worked in a camp for conscientious objectors during the conflict. He became a member of CORE during its formative years and participated in the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, an interracial endeavor to test segregation policies on buses in the South.

Ila Hartsell Dodson talks about working in a South Carolina textile mill.

Elected in 1977 at the age of 1973, Isabella Cannon was the first female mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina. In this interview, Cannon describes her involvement in the United Church of Christ, her support of and participation in the civil rights movement, and her advocacy of community revitalization and development. In addition, she recalls her major accomplishments as mayor and the challenges she faced in implementing her long-range comprehensive plan for the city.

Isabella Cannon was the first woman mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina. Elected in 1977, at the age of 73, the "old lady who wore tennis shoes" was a staunch advocate for community growth and revitalization. During her tenure, she worked to push through the Long Range Comprehensive Plan, to reconcile tensions between the city and the police and fire departments, strengthen the relationship between the city and the state, and to revitalize the down town area.

Ivey C. Jones, who spent sixteen years working at the White Furniture Factory in Mebane, NC, describes the effects of the plant's takeover and closing.

J. Carlton Fleming, who was on a Chamber of Commerce committee pushing for consolidation in Charlotte, NC, in the 1960s, discusses the demise of the issue in this interview.

J. Randolph Taylor pauses to reflect on his participation in the Civil Rights Movement, the reunification of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America, and various other social justice campaigns.

J.W. Mask describes his stewardship of a segregated black high school and his struggle to provide his students with adequate resources.

North Carolina Republican Chairman Jack Hawke outlines the evolution of the party from the 1960s through the 1980s. Hawke especially focuses on divisions, various leaders, and organization limits and successes within the Republican Party.

Hog farmer James Connor describes the impact of Hurricane Floyd and the details of his business, and emphasizes his concern for the environment.

James and Nannie Pharis discuss how textile mill employees were treated in the early part of the century.

A principal remembers integration in a majority-Native American community.

James Atwater discusses life in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from the 1930s to the 1950s. He describes the black community, the impact of segregation on schools and neighborhoods, and experiences of African American staff at the University.

Longtime Prospect, N.C., resident James Moore recalls desegregation in that town.

Former attorney general and governor of Mississippi James P. Coleman discusses his role in southern politics from the 1930s through the 1960s. Coleman focuses specifically on the issue of racial segregation and its impact on Mississippi politics.