Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21st edition, 1998

Languages Used:

• English

LC Subject Headings:

• Botany, Economic -- Southern States.
• Botany, Economic -- Confederate States of America.
• Botany, Medical -- Southern States.
• Botany, Medical -- Confederate States of America.
• Medicinal plants -- Southern States.
• Medicinal plants -- Confederate States of America.
• Botany -- Southern States.
• Botany -- Confederate States of America.
• Materia medica, Vegetable -- Southern States.
• Materia medica, Vegetable -- Confederate States of America.
• Medicine, Military -- Confederate States of America.
• Confederate States of America -- Armed Forces -- Medical car
• United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Medical care.

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RESOURCES
OF THE
Southern fields and forests,
MEDICAL, ECONOMICAL, AND AGRICULTURAL.
BEING ALSO A
MEDICAL BOTANY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES;
WITH
PRACTICAL INFORMATION ON THE USEFUL PROPERTIES OF THE TREES, PLANTS,
AND SHRUBS.

BY

FRANCIS PEYRE PORCHER,
SURGEON P. A. C. S.

PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL,
RICHMOND, VA.

CHARLESTON:
STEAM-POWER PRESS OF EVANS & COGSWELL,
No. 3 BROAD STREET.
1863.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by
FRANCIS PEYRE PORCHER, M. D.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Confederate States, for the District of Charleston,
South Carolina. PRINTED BY EVANS & COGSWELL, NO. 3 BROAD STREET,
CHARLESTON, S. C.

PREFACE.

MEDICINAL AND USEFUL PLANTS AND TREES OF
THE CONFEDERATE STATES--INDIGENOUS
AND INTRODUCED.

        The following paper is prepared by direction of the Surgeon-General, for which purpose the author was released temporarily from service in the field and hospital.

        It is intended as a repertory of scientific and popular knowledge as regards the medicinal, economical, and useful properties of the trees, plants, and shrubs found within the limits of the Confederate States, whether employed in the arts, for manufacturing purposes, or in domestic economy, to supply a present as well as a future want. Treating specially of our medicinal plants and of the best substitutes for foreign articles of vegetable origin, my aim has been to spare no exertions, compatible with the limits assigned me, to make it applicable as well to the requirements of the Surgeon as of the Planter and Farmer; and I trust that after the war shall have ceased there will still be no diminution in the desire of every one to possess a source from whence his curiosity may be satisfied on matters pertaining to our useful plants. The Regimental Surgeon in the field, the Physician in his private practice, or the Planter on his estate may themselves collect and apply these substances within their reach, which are frequently quite as valuable as others obtained from abroad, and either impossible to be procured or scarce and costly. But information scattered through a variety of sources must needs be first collected to be available in any practical point of view.

        I have, therefore, inserted whatever I thought would throw light upon the vegetable productions of the Confederate States,

to enable every one to use the ample material within his reach. I have searched through the various catalogues and systematic works on botany, and noticed in almost every instance the habitat and precise locality of plants, that each one may be apprised of the proximity of valuable species.

        Catalogues of the trees and plants growing in special localities thus become of great service, as they indicate precisely where valuable species may be procured. Those interested may obtain the localities of many plants found in the Confederate States by consulting Elliott's Botany, Darby's, and the recent work by Chapman, of Florida, "The Flora of the Southern United States." Among the catalogues issued at the South are one by Dr. Jno. Bachman of "Plants growing in the vicinity of Charleston," published in the Southern Agriculturist; one by Prof. Louis R. Gibbes of those found in Richland district, S. C.; "Plants found in the vicinity of Newbern, N. C.," by H. B. Croom; an unfinished paper, by W. Wragg Smith, Esq., published in the Transactions of the Elliott Society of Charleston; and "A Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the Plants of St. John's, Berkley, S. C.," by the writer. Also my "Sketch of the Medical Botany of South Carolina," published in the Transactions of the Am. Med[.] Association, vol. ii, 1849, and "Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests," De Bow's Review, August, 1861. The extensive collection in the Charleston Museum by my friend, Mr. H. W. Ravenel, as well as the several publications of himself and Mr. M. A. Curtis, of Hillsborough, N. C., might also be consulted with profit. I have availed myself of Dr. Chapman's work in ascertaining the names of plants added by botanists since the time of Walter and Elliott, and not contained in the catalogues referred to. The plants have been arranged after the Natural system, adopting for the most part the views of Lindley.

        The reference to information contained in books*

        I take this occasion to express my indebtedness to Col. J. B. Moore, of Stateburg, S. C., for the use of a valuable library of agricultural and chemical books, and for many facilities afforded me in the prosecution of this work; also, to Prof. L. R. Gibbes, for the loan of the catalogues in his possession.

that the labor of searching through the large number of medical and other authorities has been very great. I have not hesitated to draw largely from any quarter, appending the name of the author, whenever I thought the matter applicable to our present condition and requirements. Thus, on the subject of the Grape, Vine, Sugar, Sorghum, Tannin, Opium, Flax, Mustard, Castor oil, Oils, Turpentine, Starch, Potash, Soda, Wood for engraving and for domestic purposes, Medicinal substances, etc., I have been profuse in my selections from a multiplicity of sources.

        I have avoided more than a cursory mention of the Cryptogamic plants, Fungi, etc., as the space occupied would be too great. I would refer the reader to my paper in the Transactions of the Am. Med. Association, vol. vii, on "The Medicinal, Dietetic, and Poisonous Properties of the Cryptogamic Plants of the United States," where the subject is treated in extenso, and a description of several hundred useful or poisonous species furnished.

        The older as well as the more recent works on the Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Medical Botany--from Johannes Ray and Bergius to Pereira, Griffith, and Stillé--have been consulted. That complete and extensive work, the Dictionnaire de Matière Médicale, by Mérat and De Lens, including the supplementary volume, has been freely translated when necessary. I have also examined the Agricultural journals, the Patent Office Reports, the "Rural Cyclopædia," edited by Wilson, of Edinburgh, and excerpts from the journals and newspapers of the day, which have since the beginning of the present contest been particularly full in information on the economical resources of our Confederacy. From these I have been carefully collecting.

        In our present exigency many topics are approximately introduced which would hardly have place in a strictly medical work.

        Information of this kind is generally referred to under subjects with which it is closely allied. Thus, Potash, Ashes, and Soap are classed under "Carya" and "Quercus" (Hickory and Oak), Soda and Soda Soaps under "Salsola" and "Fucus," Charcoal under "Pinus" and "Salix" (Pine and Willow), Oils under "Sesamum" (Bené), Starch and Arrow-root under "Maranta"

and "Convolvulus," etc., as these plants are characteristically rich in such products. The index, however, will contain full references.

        The mode of action of medicinal plants infinitely varies; their selection, consequently, for the several purposes required by the physician is not in my opinion a matter of more accident, the result of guesswork, or of popular reputation. Each is distinguished by the composition of its principal constituents; these are generally astringent principles, narcotics, stimulating vegetable oils, cooling, refrigerant acids, bitter tonics, cathartics, etc., etc. Some, as the Cinchonaceæ and the less active antiperiodics, contain principles still more rarely met with and more obscure in their mode of operation, which have control in warding off the access of malarial attacks. But once in possession of the main active principles furnished by a plant, it is easy to see why it gains credit as a remedy in certain classes of disease. This power it may share in common with many others, and several properties may be combined in various degrees in each, which it is necessary to know, preliminary to a judicious application of them. Many plants, for example, are reputed efficacious in arresting the profluviæ, diarrhoeas, and discharges from the mucous surfaces generally; this should excite no surprise when it is suspected or ascertained that they contain tannin simply. In some others, as in the Uva ursi, for example, the tannin is associated with a stimulating diuretic oil, which further adapts it to the relief of chronic renal affections. So with those which experience teaches us produce a carthartic, emetic, narcotic, sedative, irritant, or vermifuge action on the human system. It is always in virtue of the well known principles they contain that they prove serviceable and are preferred, and chemical analysis subsequently reveals precisely what it is upon which their powers depend. The ignorant, whether credulous or incredulous, know only by memory the name of the plant and the disease which it is said to suit--as in the manner of charlatans and herb doctors.

        In a notice by my distinguished friend, W. Gilmore Simms, Esq., of the article in De Bow's Review, by the writer, published in the Charleston Mercury, Sept. 1861, he speaks thus of the preparations necessary to the great issues then at stake:

        "Now is the time when all the art and science that we possess, and all the suggestions that we can make, should be put in requisition, to the great end of our sectional independence. Every citizen who thinks himself in possession of a truth or a fact which he deems to be not generally recognized, should make it public--put it to challenge--that it may be subjected to investigation. In this way, and this only, with our 'Doubts and Queries,' shall we bring about that searching investigation which will develop our sectional resources."

        He refers in discursive language to the "resources of the Southern fields and forests, the natural productions in brief of the South--her resources in the woods, and swamps, and fields, the earth and rocks; for purposes of need, utility, medicine, art, science, and mechanics; hints to the domestic manufacturer; to the workers in wood and earth; and rock and tree; and shrub and flower; hints, clues, suggestions, which may be turned to the most useful purposes; not merely as expedients during the pressure of war and blockade, but continuously, through all time, as affording profit, use, interest, and employment to our people."

        From an inspection of the large amount of material embraced in this volume it will be seen that our Southern Flora is extraordinarily rich.

        It is the teeming product of every variety of soil and climate, from Maryland to Florida, from Tennessee to Texas. The Atlantic slopes with their marine growth, the Mountain ridges of the interior, the almost infra-tropical productions of South Florida, with the rich alluvia of the River courses--all contribute to swell the lists and produce a wonderful exuberance of vegetation. These a bounteous Providence has vouchsafed to a Confederacy of States, starting forth upon their career under new and happier auspices, and with independence and self-reliance forced upon them by an almost sacred necessity.

        I here introduce a notice of upwards of four hundred substances, possessing every variety of useful quality. Some will be rejected as useless, others may be found upon closer examination to be still more valuable. The most precious of all Textile Fibres, and Grains, Silks, Seeds, Oils, Gums, Caoutchouc, Resins, Dyes, Fecula, Albumen, Sugar, Vegetable Acids, Starch, Liquors, Spirit, Burning Fluid, material for making

Paper and Cordage, Barks, Medicines, Wood for Tanning and the production of Chemical Agencies, for Timber, Ship-building, Engraving, Furniture, Implements and Utensils of every description--all abound in the greatest munificence, and need but the arm of the authorities or the energy and enterprise of the private citizen to be made sources of utility, profit, or beauty.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TO THE
"RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN FIELDS AND FORESTS."

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS,
AND
GENERAL INDEX.

• Acacia, false, 188.
• Acacia, rose, 189.
• Acacia, substitute for, 310, 352; see demulcents.
• Acetic acid, from pine, 498.
• Acids, vegetable in plants, 369, 405, 534.
• Acorn, bearing, to raise, 265
  • substitute for coffee, 535;
  • for bread, 541.
• Adam's needles, a substitute for flax and hemp, 531.
• Adder's tongue, 530.
• Agaric, substitute for, 130;
• see styptics.
• Agave, Virginian, 522;
  • Mexican, in Fla., drink from, 522;
  • alcohol and materials for paper from, 522.
• Agrimony, 145, 271.
• Albumen, plants yielding, uses of, 92, 42.
• Alder, 266;
  • for tanning, 267;
  • oil and wine from, 268;
  • black, 389.
• Alcohol (see Liquors), in grape, 222;
  • from sap of birch, 266;
  • from agave, 522.
• Ale (see Beer), 279.
• Algae, 591.
• Alkaline salts in weeds (see Potash and Soda), 504, 590.
• Alkanet, 439.
• Allspice, 199
  • substitute for, 354.
• Aloa (see Zostera), a substitute for cotton, 547.
• Alumina in plants, 266.
• Alum root, 138.
• Alteratives, vegetable, 33, 121, 385, 419, 428, 429, 437, 460, 465, 528, 537, 538, 591.
• Ambrosia, 419.
• American arbor vitæ, 507.
• American centaury, 479.
• American colombo, 480.
• American cranberry, 383.
• American hemlock, 44.
• American olive, 493.
• American orchard grass, 587.
• American spearmint, 440.
• American silver fir, 576.
• American spikenard, 51.
• Ammonia, plants yielding, 80, 364, 474.
• Amulet, plant used as, 437.
• Amy root, sudorific and alterative, and use in asthma, 483.
• Anæsthetics,
  • influence on plants, 197;
  • local, 417;
  • singular native, 475.
• Anemone, 16, 17.
• Animals,
  • list of plants avoided by, 563;
  • food for, 563.
• Angelica, 46;
  • tree, 50.
• Aniseseed tree, 39.
• Anodyne, (see Narcotics),
  • local, 44, 380, 417.
• Antimony, substitute for, 486.
• Antiperiodics, native, 38, 40, 43, 59, 96, 136, 238, 267, 372, 389, 390, 404, 412, 420, 427, 428, 436, 441, 446, 464, 480, 484, 494.
• Antiscorbutics, sorrel as, 369, 370, 385.
• Antispasmodics, native, 424, 425, 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 525, 533, 544.
• Antiseptics, vegetable, 356, 424, 438, 442;
  • powder, 502;
  • sugar as, 569.
• Anthelmintics, native (see Vermifuge), 22, 106, 362, 481, 404, 448, 527, 587.
• Aphrodisiacs, native, 440, 443, 410, 470, 524, 546.

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  Page x

• Apple, 150;
  • cider from, 151;
  • liquor from, 160;
  • wood for printing, 150;
  • to store up, 149;
  • insects on, to prevent, 150;
  • substitute for dried, 65.
• Apple, May, 77.
• Aphis on apple and peach, to destroy, 150, 173.
• Apocyne, 483.
• Arbor vitæ, for engraving and for hedges, 507, 173.
• Aromatics, native, 38, 39, 45, 46, 47, 352, 354, 357, 380, 416, 424, 426, 444, 447, 522, 532, 539, 546, 561, 585, 588.
• Arnica, 426.
• Arrow-head, 536.
• Arrow-root,
  • method of preparation and cultivation, 512;
  • Indian, 510;
  • machine for rasping, 513;
  • to dry, 514;
  • to prepare and cultivate on plantations, 515, 536.
• Artichoke, 420, 417;
  • cultivation and uses, 421;
  • burr, 428.
• Arum, 542.
• Asarin, 357.
• Ash, 168, 167, 494.
• Ashes,
  • strength of and yield, 259;
  • Potash, etc., in, 260;
  • use in soap making, 259, 326, 333, 590.
• Asafoetida, substitute for, 424.
• Asparagus (see Salads), 535, 175;
  • subst. for, 275, 488, 535, 537, 538;
  • subst. for coffee, to prepare, 535.
• Asparagine, 537, 535.
• Aster, 414.
• Astragalus, 177.
• Astringents, native, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35, 58, 59, 71, 109, 138, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 193, 199, 200, 201 to 208, 237, 238, 239, 257, 262, 266, 269, 271, 316, 345, 368, 369, 370, 372, 380, 384, 387, 388, 389, 390, 415, 416, 424, 436, 437, 438, 439, 441, 444, 447, 463, 467, 522, 545, 590, 591.
• Atamasco lily, 522.
• Avens, white, 145.
• Ayer's Cherry Pectoral, 600.
• Bald cypress, 508.
• Balm, 440;
  • of Gilead tree, 506.
• Baling cotton, wood for, 325.
• Bands for cotton bales, 325.
• Balsam,
  • tree, 130;
  • balsam plants yielding, 506, 507, 509.
• Barbe de capucin, 433.
• Barley, liquor from, 164.
• Barberry, 51.
• Barilla,
  • plants yielding, 133, 360 (see potash);
  • to manufacture from fuci, 593.
• Barks, to dry, 5;
  • for cordage 103; see fibre, yielding tannin (see Quercus), 241, et seq.
• Barometer, natural, 136, 177, 384, 590.
• Bastard alkanet, 438.
• Baskets, material for making, 62, 63, 380;
  • to prepare, 339.
• Bass wood, 103.
• Bay, singular properties ascribed to, 36, 380.
• Beaver tree, 36;
  • poison, 44.
• Bear grass, to cultivate and prepare fibre as substitute for hemp, 530, 531.
• Bee pasture, plants for, 423, 440.
• Beer,
  • native plants yielding, to make, 195, 276, 279, 280, 353; 421, 479;
  • French army, 353;
  • persimmon, 387;
  • to strengthen, 425;
  • spruce, 507;
  • from China briar, 537;
  • from corn, 552;
  • small, 552.
• Beech,
  • ashes rich in potash, 236;
  • oil from, 237;
  • leaves for stuffing beds, 237;
  • drops, 462.
• Beds,
  • material to stuff, 237, 488;
  • see mattresses.
• Beet,
  • vinegar from, 374;
  • to extract sugar from, 375;
  • cultivation of, 375;
  • to crystallize, 571.
• Belladonna, substitute for, 470, 477.
• Bené,
  • oil and mucilage from, 450;
  • substitute for castor and olive oil, 450;
  • to extract, 452.
• Benzoic acid in plants, 561.
• Benzoin, 354.
• Bermuda
  • arrow-root, to prepare, 512;
  • grass, 565.
• Birch,
  • red, 266;
  • cherry, 265;
  • sweet, 265.
• Bird,
  • catching, 392;
  • lime, 64, 390;
  • to prepare, 391;
  • to intoxicate, 528.
• Bitters (see tonics), substitute for, 380, 478, 532, 546.
• Biting knotweed, 370.
• Black,
  • alder, 339;
  • oak, 238;
  • gum, 347;
  • drink, 393;
  • walnut, 318;
  • oil from in toothache, 368;
  • spruce, 505, 507;
  • root, 467, 419.
• Blackberry, 140, 141;
  • wine, to prepare, 141, 142;
  • syrup, 143;
  • cordial, 143;
  • in tanning leather, 242.
• Blade tea, 548.
• Bladder nut, 130.
• Blazing star, 527.
• Bleaching plants, method, 90.
• Blistering plaster,
  • substitute for, 16, 17, 18, 19, 397;
  • blistering fly, 16;
  • to collect, 398;
  • see, also, Escharotics.
• Blood root, 30.
• Blue flag,
  • as a diuretic in dropsy, 523;
  • tripterella, 523;
  • dyes, to extract, 179, 182;
  • plants yielding, 187, 310, 316.
• Boats,
  • timber for, 306, 509;
  • bark, 508.
• Bog rush, 589.
• Boneset, 410.
• Books, consulted, 1.
• Bots, native remedy, 41, 107.
• Box, 111;
  • boxes, material for packing, 545.
• Bougie, material for making, 310.
• Bows, from Osage orange, 103.
• Brake, 590.
• Brandy,
  • native material for making, 65;
  • from persimmon, 386.
• Bread,
  • substitute for, 177;
  • from persimmon, 386;

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    Page xi

  • potato, 397,
  • from roots of plants, 541,
  • hygienic, from corn, 549,
  • Indian loaf, 599;
  • from rice, 580.
• Brewing (see Liquors), 280.
• Brooklime, 468.
• Brook pimpernel, 468;
  • weed, 385.
• Broom rape, 462.
• Brooms,
  • material for, 266, 508, 526;
  • from doura corn, 566, 567.
• Brushes, native material for, 526.
• Buckeye, 84.
• Buckwheat, substitute for, 373.
• Buffalo clover, 177
  • berry tree, 174.
• Bugle weed, 441.
• Bulrush, 537.
• Burdock, 419.
• Burning fluid, see Oil.
• Burr, 419
  • artichoke, 428
• Butterfly weed, 485.
• Butternut, 317.
• Button,
  • snakeroot, 43, 410;
  • bush, 405.
• Buttons, native materials for, 65, 84.
• Byram's plan of cultivation and manufacture of silk, 282.
• Cabbage
  • tree, 526;
  • palmetto, 526;
  • for forts, wharves, thatch, etc., 526;
  • skunk, 544.
• Cabinet work, woods suited for, 11, 62, 41, 79, 80, 103, 104, 107, 120, 197, 150, 171, 188, 189, 311, 312, 318, 320, 321, 323, 343, 347, 392, 460, 494, 499, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 590.
• Cactus, 66.
• Calabash, 65.
• Calamus, an aromatic, 545.
• Calico printing, plants used in, 406;
  • bush, 381.
• Calomel, substitute for (see Deobstruents and Alteratives), 431, 487
• Cake, plants yielding oil, 67, 69, 73, 118, 423.
• Cammelina, an oil plant, 67.
• Camphor, plants yielding, 199.
• Canada,
  • leatherwood, 350;
  • snakeroot, 357;
  • balsam, 506.
• Canadian collinsonia, 201, 208, 444.
• Cancer root, 462, 463;
  • weed, 442.
• Candles, to harden, 66, 501;
  • from myrtle berries, 314;
  • for war times, 500.
• Cane, and reed, 587; see Chinese and sugar-canes.
• Cantharis vesic., 397;
  • to collect, 398.
• Cantharides,
  • substitute for, 16, 19, 28, 40, 131, 176, 350, 510, 424;
  • to prepare from potato fly, 397.
• Caoutchouc,
  • plant producing, 120, 127, 128, 417, 539;
  • to prepare, 487
  • (Inuline), 485.
• Capers, 75;
  • substitute for, 18.
• Cardinal flower, 404.
• Carmine ink, substitute for, 367.
• Carminatives (see Aromatics), 416, 539, 546.
• Carolina potato, 397;
  • jalap, 397.
• Carrot, 47.
• Cartridge-boxes, material for, 349.
• Casks,
  • cider, 156;
  • material for caulking, 545, 589.
• Cassia, 196.
• Cassina, 393.
• Castor oil plant,
  • mode of cultivation, expression of oil, uses, etc., 112, 114, 115;
  • self-hulling, 117;
  • stearine from, 118;
  • cake for manure, 118.
• Catechu (see Astringents), 147, 438.
• Cataleptic power in plant, 447, 483.
• Cathartic bromus, 587.
• Cathartics, substitute for, 21, 29, 37, 65, 66, 126, 129, 139, 173, 175, 195, 305, 317, 358, 361, 370, 372, 376, 395, 396, 397, 407, 408, 411, 428, 431, 449, 465, 466, 467, 480, 484, 490, 523, 533, 565, 582, 587.
• Catnip, 447;
  • cattail, 57, 544;
  • catweed, 426;
  • catfoot, 427.
• Cattail, as a substitute for cotton, and to stuff mattresses, 544.
• Caulking, material for, 545.
• Caustic properties, plants possessing (see Escharotics), 16, 18, 582.
• Cedar, 507, 510;
  • oil from, 510.
• Celery, 45.
• Cement for cisterns, 259.
• Centaury, Am. 479.
• Chairs, wood suited for making, 41, 79, 104, 257, 266, 311, 323, 589.
• Chamomile,
  • wild, 424;
  • substitute for, 424, 425, 60.
• Champagne, substitute for, 387.
• Charcoal, qualities of, 241, 339, 497;
  • plants yielding for gunpowder, 267, 273, 339, 340, 362;
  • to prepare, 339, 498;
  • to purify water, 342;
  • to clarify vinegar, 498.
• Cherokee rose, as hedge plant, 103.
• Cherry, liquor from, 161, 170;
  • birch, 265;
  • cordial and syrup, 170, 171.
• Cheese, plants to flavor, 176, 406.
• Chess, dye from, 587.
• Chestnut, uses of, 238.
• Chiccory, cultivation of, and admixture with coffee, uses of, 431.
• Chickweed, 136, 347, 384.
• China briar, 537;
  • grass, 272;
  • vegetable to cement, 532.
• Chinese tea plant, cultivation and preparation, 104.
• Chinese sugar-cane, sugar, molasses, and syrup from, to manufacture, value of, 567,
  • et seq.; vinegar, paper, and coffee from, 576, 577.
• Chinquapin, astringency of, 237.
• Chloroform,
  • substitute for, 44;
  • influence on plants, 197.
• Cider,
  • manufacture of, 150;
  • from mulberry, 305;
  • persimmon, 387.
• Cigars,
  • pls. to flavor, 410;
  • pectoral, 422.
• Circhonine in Georgia,
  • bark, 405;
  • substitute for, 59.

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  Page xii

• Circulation, plants acting on; see Sedatives.
• Cisterns, cement for, 259.
• Citric acid, mode of extracting, 108, 306,
• Cloth from fibre, 272;
  • plants yielding, 484, 488, 489;
  • to render water-proof, 500;
  • from mulberry, 307;
  • plants to wash, 590.
• Clover,
  • rabbit-foot, 177;
  • buffalo, 177;
  • yellow, 176;
  • red, 177;
  • white, 177.
• Club rush, 589.
• Cob,
  • corn, analysis of, 550;
  • potash, lye, and soda, soap from, 551.
• Cochineal insect, 66, 67.
• Cockle, 145.
• Cocoons, method of treating, 280.
• Coffee, 405;
  • substitute for, 91, 435;
  • from cotton seed, 96;
  • substitute suggested, 177, 407, 195, 196;
  • from potato, 400;
  • from chiccory, 431;
  • Florida, 196;
  • from asparagus, 535;
  • from acorns, 535;
  • from corn, 552;
  • from Chinese sugar-cane, 577;
  • from rice, 580;
  • from wheat, 584.
• Cohosh, 19.
• Collinsonia, 445.
• Colocynth, substitute for, 200, 485.
• Colombo, American, 480.
• Colt's-tail, 415.
• Concentrated lye, to prepare, 259;
  • potash in, 327, 332;
  • from corn, 551.
• Confederate flax, 531.
• Conium, substitute for, 44.
• Consumption weed, 418.
• Contrayerva, substitute for, 425.
• Copaiba, substitute for, 378.
• Copal varnish,
  • plants yielding, 208;
  • Copalm oil and resin, 344.
• Corn,
  • Indian, oil, sugar, paper, beer, soda, soap, potash, bread, etc. from, 548,
  • et seq; cobs, prod. of, 549;
  • anal. of, 550;
  • as food for horses, 550;
  • soap from shucks, 551;
  • Guinea and doura, 566.
• Coral, Indian, 538.
• Cordage,
  • plants yielding, 350, 429, 435, 103, 271, 273;
  • from mulberry, 305;
  • wahoo, 311;
  • golden-rod, 417;
  • Indian hemp, 484;
  • spruce, 507;
  • from bear grass, 530.
• Cordial,
  • cherry to make, 171;
  • blackberry, 143.
• Cork,
  • substitute for, 347;
  • tree, 265.
• Cosmetic, plant used as, 534.
• Cotton, 93;
  • fibre in surgery, 95;
  • subst. for quinine, 95;
  • substitute for coffee, 96, 544;
  • soap from, 96, 100;
  • gun cotton, 96;
  • to decorticate seed, 97;
  • cotton seed oil and cake, 97;
  • as a manure, 100;
  • wooden slats for baling, 259;
  • recent substitute for, 547;
  • woody fibre unfitted for, 547;
  • microscop. exam. 548.
• Counter irritants, see Escharotics.
• Cow-pea, 194.
• Crab apple, 149.
• Cranberry, value, cultivation, and preservation of, 383.
• Cranesbill, 138.
• Creosote, from pine, 498, 504.
• Creeping cucumber, 65.
• Cress, 71; see Salad, Virginian, 67.
• Croton oil, substitute for, 28.
• Crow foot, 138.
• Cryptogamous genera, 589.
• Cucumber,
  • tree, 38;
  • creeping, 65;
  • Indian, 529.
• Culpepper, extracts from Nicholas, 37.
• Cunilla, 445.
• Currants, 174;
  • wild, 168.
• Custard, apple, 41.
• Cutworm, to prevent, 107.
• Cypress, 508, 509;
  • powder, 543.
• Cyperus, jointed, 588.
• Daisy, ox-eyed, 426.
• Dandelion, 429;
  • substitute for coffee, caoutchouc in, 430.
• Darnel, bearded, poisonous to wheat, 564.
• Deadly nightshade, 468.
• Deafness, plants relieving, 444.
• Deer-grass, 57.
• Delirium, caused by plants, 565.
• Demulcents, native, 35, 76, 176, 310, 345, 352, 390, 418, 436.
• Dentrifice, vegetable, 368.
• Deobstruents, 145, 369, 429, 465, 528, 540; see Alteratives.
• Devil's fig, 28;
  • wood, 493.
• Dewberry, 141.
• Diaphoretics, 446.
• Digitalis, 461;
  • substitute for, 465, 441.
• Dill, 47.
• Discutients, native, 78, 334, 537; see Escharotics.
• Dittany, 445.
• Diuretics, native, 39, 42, 43, 47, 64, 86, 120, 144, 272, 347, 356, 359, 368, 371, 377, 395, 403, 405, 408, 410, 415, 416, 419, 428, 435, 444, 468, 470, 510, 523, 530, 535, 542, 565.
• Dock, 368, 370.
• Dog's-tooth violet, 530.
• Dog's-bane, 483, 484;
  • pl. vomiting, 588.
• Dogwood, 59;
  • dog-fennel, 414;
  • tested for tannin, 346;
  • to tan leather, 414.
• Dollar plant, 193.
• Doura corn, 566;
  • subst. for wheat, 567.
• Dragon's blood, 370;
  • root, 540.
• Dried fruit, substitute for, 65; fig, 309.
• Drinks from native plants (see Liquors), 23, 157.
• Duckweed, 21, 548.
• Dwarf-nettle, 268;
  • milk-weed, 488;
  • palmetto, 527.
• Dye from native plants,
  • blue, 19, 131, 178, 179, 183, 189, 316, 372, 494, 523, 536;
  • green, 18, 21, 262, 494, 534, 587;
  • yellow, 16, 18, 21, 29, 52, 79, 103, 149, 146, 173, 175, 188, 233, 239, 271, 322, 371, 388, 389, 395, 406, 417, 419, 429;
  • red, 33, 178, 367, 406;
  • black, 55, 80, 122, 204, 210, 240, 316, 319, 386, 442, 484, 494, 310, 598;
  • scarlet, 60, 63, 79;

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    Page xiii

  • cinnamon, 509, 267;
  • purple, 80, 178, 262, 379;
  • crimson, 367;
  • dove color, 80;
  • brown, 367;
  • drab, 21;
  • saffron, 173;
  • violet, 187;
  • olive, 262;
  • indelible, 367;
  • for bank notes, 598;
  • gold, 308;
  • solferino, 367;
  • straw, 444.
• Ebony, substitute for, 392.
• Edible, psoralea, 177;
  • plants (see Salad), 526, 529, 530, 536, 538, 542, 544, 599, 578, 594.
• Eel grass, recent subst. for cotton, 547.
• Elain, plants yielding, 547.
• Elder, 408;
  • spirits from, 409.
• Elecampane and Inuline in native pl., 417.
• Elm, slippery, 310.
• Eggs, rearing silk worm, 291, 297.
• Emmenagogues, native, 46, 47, 87, 94, 371, 426, 444, 476, 527.
• Emetic, holly, 393;
  • root, 401.
• Emetics, native, 20, 29, 31, 42, 50, 57, 65, 85, 126, 127, 139, 147, 175, 267, 350, 365, 372, 401, 403, 407, 408, 411, 427, 444, 447, 448, 450, 465, 467, 480, 483, 484, 488, 489, 522, 528, 532, 533, 539.
• Emollient plants; see Mucilaginous.
• Endive, 431;
  • substitute for, 433.
• Engraving, wood for, see wood, ink for from fuci, 598.
• Ergot, cotton seed a substitute, 94.
• Errhines, 358, 379, 381, 528.
• Escharotics, native, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 31, 33, 43, 74, 77, 79, 120, 121, 128, 139, 168, 201, 350, 366, 424, 471, 482, 486, 510, 523, 536, 541, 582, 585.
• Essence of flowers to extract, 461.
• Evaporation, singular, in sunflower, 422.
• Expectorants, 486.
• Experiments with nettle (Urtica) to check bleeding, 269;
  • with leaves of plants for tannin, 346.
• Eye-bright, 128, 401.
• Fagine from beech, 235.
• False acacia, 188.
• Fans from palmetto, 527.
• Farcle berry, 384.
• Febrifuge; see Antiperiodics and Quinine.
• Fecundation in plants, 166.
• Fennel, 46.
• Fermentation, process of, 158, 165, 234.
• Ferns, 589;
  • royal, 591.
• Fescue grass, value for swards, 586;
  • for materials for hats, 586.
• Fetid plants, 544.
• Fever root, 407;
  • bush, 354;
  • weed, 43.
• Fever and ague, Dutch remedy for, 61.
• Fibre, use of cotton in surgery, 95;
  • plants yielding useful, 68, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 272, 273, 274, 276, 417, 484, 489, 522, 524, 531, 582;
  • substitute for cotton, exam., 547.
• Fibrine in plants, 41.
• Fig tree, 308;
  • vinegar from, 308;
  • molasses from, 309;
  • method of drying, 309,
  • blue and red color from, 309, 310;
  • devil's, 28.
• Fiorin, for wet meadows, 563.
• Fir, silver, 505, 506.
• Fish,
  • plants stupefying, 84, 175, 464;
  • food for, 585.
• Fit root, 378.
• Flag,
  • blue, 523;
  • as a diuretic and cathartic, 523;
  • sweet, 545.
• Flax,
  • cultivation and preparation of, oil from, 88;
  • subst. for, 423, 582;
  • mountain, 85;
  • water, 548.
• Flea bane, 415.
• Flesh, antiseptics for, 356.
• Flies, plants hostile to, see Insects.
• Flowerless plants, 589.
• Flowering fern, 591.
• Flowers to collect and dry, 7;
  • oil of, to collect, 461, 466.
• Fly, poison, 527;
  • trap, examined, 53.
• Fodder, prepare, 550.
• Food, pl. to supply dur'g scarcity of, 541.
• Formulæ for native pl., 599.
• Forty knot, 359.
• Foxglove, 465.
• Frankincense, 200, 506.
• Fringe tree, 494.
• Frost root, 415.
• Fuci, iodine and kelp to man'f, 592, 593.
• Fuel, excellent material for, 421.
• Fumitory, 33.
• Fungi, subterranean, 599;
  • edible, cultivation, uses, etc., 594;
  • parasitical, 598.
• Gall of the earth, 435.
• Gallic acid (see Astringents), 20, 202, 203.
• Gamboge, substitute for, 29.
• Garlic, 531;
  • wild, 532.
• Gelseminine, 461.
• Gentian, 478;
  • subst. for hops, 387, 479,
  • comp. tr., 546.
• Georgia bark, subst. for quinine, 404.
• Geranium, 138.
• Ginger, substitute for, 357.
• Ginseng, 48.
• Glasswort, 361.
• Glass, vegetable cement for, 532;
  • plan to make, 591.
• Glue, substitute for, 149, 150, 525.
• Gluten from wheat, to manufacture, 583;
  • plant yielding, 583.
• Goat's rue, 187.
• Gold of pleasure, as an oil plant, 67.
• Golden,
  • cassia, 196;
  • granadilla, 23;
  • club, 544;
  • rod, 416, 417;
  • seal, 18.
• Gourd, 65.
• Grape, native, cultivation, wine from, 213,
  • et seq.; rot in, 218;
  • varieties, 229.
• Grasses, best varieties, 561, et seq.
• Grass, eel, recent subst. for cotton, 547;
  • best cultivated for food and pasture, 561,
  • et seq.; benzoic acid in, 561;
  • to procure a double crop 562;
  • avoided by animals, 563;
  • timothy, 565;
  • period to cut, 565;
  • poisonous, 564;
  • sugar in, 562;

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    Page xiv

  • couch, 561;
  • best for hay, 562;
  • to prevent encroachment of water, 562;
  • lime, 562;
  • Bermuda, 565;
  • vomiting dogs, 565;
  • Walter's, 581;
  • marsh, 582;
  • reed bent, 582;
  • true blue, 585;
  • meadow, 585;
  • fescue, 586;
  • Am. orchard, 587;
  • nutgrass, 588.
• Ground-nut, 194;
  • oil from, 195, 423.
• Ground cherry, 473.
• Guaiacum, substitute for, 111, 137.
• Guano, substitute for, 504.
• Guinea corn, value of, 566;
  • brooms from 566.
• Gulver root, 467.
• Gum, resembling honey, 418;
  • plants exuding, 466;
  • Arabic, subst. for, 149, 173, 525;
  • sour, 347;
  • sweet, 344;
  • leaves recommended in place of oak bark in tanning, 345;
  • black, 347.
• Gun, powder, native wood for making, 61, 267, 273, 338, 339, 362;
  • stocks, wood for, 320, 323.
• Hæmastatic virtues of nettle, 268;
• see styptics.
• Hair tonic, vegetable, 17.
• Hardhack, 146.
• Harvest drink, 166.
• Hats, plants for making, 343, 526, 544, 586.
• Hazel nut, 234.
• Hay, substitute for, and securing of, 551;
  • best grasses for, 562, 586.
• Healall, 446.
• Heartsease, 76.
• Heat evolved by plants, 541, 544.
• Hedges, plants for making, 148, 172, 102, 189, 195, 235, 508.
• Hedge mustard, 71;
  • hyssop, 465.
• Hellebore, white, 528.
• Hemlock, spruce, 506;
  • American, 44.
• Hemp, uses of to plant, 272;
  • substitute for, 273, 417, 484, 531
  • (see, also fibre); intoxicating, 273;
  • substitute for, 67, 91, 489;
  • beargrass for, 530.
• Herbemont's ever bearing mulberry, 304.
• Hercules' club, 137.
• Hickory, uses of, 322;
  • as a dye, 322;
  • for potash, in making soaps, 325;
  • bands for baling cotton, 325.
• Hides, to prepare and dress, 245,
  • et seq.
  • Hippo, Carolina, 126, 127;
  • wild, 126.
• Hogs, fat of, fed on beech, 235, 237;
  • mulberry for, 304.
• Holly, mucilage and bird lime in, 390, 393.
• Honey, plants yielding poisonous, 379, 381, 418, 460;
  • locust, 195;
  • suckle, 408;
  • dew on plants, 103, 276.
• Hoodwort, 446.
• Hoops for casks, wood for, 238, 323, 338, 335;
  • see Wood.
• Hop, uses and cultivation of, 275, 277;
  • substitute for, 280, 421, 424;
  • formula for, 600.
• Horehound, 448;
  • in catarrhs, 449;
  • water, 449.
• Horse chestnut, 84;
  • as suitable for opium, used in place of soap, and for production of starch, 84;
  • horse gentian, horse mint, 443;
  • nettle, 470;
  • weed, 444;
  • tails, 590.
• Hound'stongue, 439.
• Huckleberry, 384.
• Hydrocyanic acid, plants yielding, 170, 171, 173.
• Hydrophobia, native remedy for, 446, 447.
• Hygrometer, rustic, 177, 136, 384, 590.
• Hyssop, 465.
• Indelible ink, from plants, 201, 202, 368, 441;
  • for bank notes, 598.
• Indian, cucumber, 529;
  • mallows, 91;
  • physic, 147;
  • tobacco, 401;
  • poke, 528;
  • hemp in asthma, 484;
  • meal, 538;
  • coral, 538;
  • turnips, 540;
  • corn, oil paper, sugar, bread, soap, soda, potash, etc., from, 548,
  • et seq.; bread, 599;
  • loaf, 599;
  • millet, 566.
• Indigo, method of extracting blue color from, 179;
  • wild, 175;
  • sowing of seeds, 180;
  • to obtain indigo on plantations, 185;
  • for family use, 186;
  • indigo vat, 184;
  • bastard, 187;
  • substitute for, 188, 372;
  • see Dyes.
• Infection, plant preservative against, 546.
• Ink berry, 390;
  • indelible, 368, 441, 201, 202;
  • sympathetic, 308;
  • red, carmine, 367;
  • black, 309;
  • indestructible for bank notes, 598.
• Insects, plants noxious to, 409, 414, 426, 466, 107, 362, 532;
  • on cotton plant, 96;
  • on orange, 109;
  • to relieve bite, 401;
  • powder to destroy, 362.
• Instinct in trees, 460.
• Intoxication, plants inducing, 425, 564;
  • see Liquors.
• Inuline, curious properties of, 417.
• Iodine, in plants to manufacture, 592.
• Ipecacuanha, substitute for, 29, 120, 147, 358;
  • wild, 126, 407, 485.
• Iris, 523.
• Irish potato, starch from, 471.
• Iron wood, 233, 385.
• Irritability in plants, 197, 460, 35.
• Itch, weed, 382, 528;
  • plants applied to relief of itch and mange, 382, 527.
• Ivy bush, 381.
  • Jalap, 397;
  • substitute for, 407, 396, 397;
  • wild, 21;
  • formula for, 600, 601.
• Jamestown weed, 474.
• Jerusalem oak, 361, 363;
  • artichoke, 417, 420;
  • as food, substitute for potato, cultivation, for pickles and starch, 420;
  • potash in, 421.
• Jessamine, sedative and poisonous properties of, 461;
  • substitute for digitalis, 461;
  • in yellow fever, 461.

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  Page xv

• Jewel weed, 139.
• Jointed Cypersus, 588.
• Judas tree, 197.
• Juniper, to season liquors, 162;
  • formula, 599.
• Kalmia, 381.
• Kelp, plants yielding, 133, 134;
  • to manufacture, 593.
• Kino, see Catechu.
• Knot grass, 372;
  • weed, 444.
• Kyanizing wood, method of, 503.
• Lady's slipper, 425.
• Lampblack, from turpentine, 497.
• Larkspur, 19.
• Laudanum, (see Opium) subst. for, 275.
• Laurel, swamp, 36.
• Laxatives, see Cathartics.
• Leather, to tan, (see Tannin) 202, 203, 204, 208, 242, 146;
  • tanning on plantations, 249,
  • et seq.; experiments with leaves of gum and myrtle, and dog fennel, 345, 414;
  • substitute for, 349;
  • preparation to preserve, 497;
  • to make water-proof, 500;
  • wood, 350.
• Leaves, to dry, 7;
  • influence of chloroform on, 197;
  • to be collected for cavalry horses, 563.
• Lee, Dr. Daniel, method of tanning leather, 245.
• Lemon, to procure citric acid from, 107;
  • oil from, 108.
• Leptandrine, 468.
• Lettuce, 43;
  • wild, 435.
• Lichens, 589.
• Life-everlasting, 426.
• Light, influence on leaves, 198.
• Lily, water, 35;
  • of the valley, 533.
• Lime tree, tea from, and cordage, 103.
• Lime, phosphate of, in plants, 544.
• Linseed oil, uses of, 89;
  • substitute for, 423;
  • see, also, Oils.
• Liquorice, substitute for, 49, 51;
  • cultivation and preparation of, 49;
  • wild, 51.
• Liquors, from fruit, 42, 48, 23, 156, 157, 142, 162, 189, 195, 266, 305, 386, 409;
  • to prepare, 157, 162, 166;
  • to flavor, 380;
  • to strengthen, 425.
• Liriodendrine, in fever, 40.
• Liver, wort, 17;
  • plants acting on (see Deobstruents and Alternatives), 413, 428, 429, 465.
• Live oak, 263.
• Live fences, 102;
  • (see Hedges).
• Lizard's tail, 334.
• Lobelia, 401;
  • as a relaxant, 402.
• Lobelic acid, 402.
• Locust tree, yellow, 188;
  • honey, 195;
  • clammy, 193;
  • cultivation of for ship building, 190.
• Long moss, 524.
• Love apple, vine, 395.
• Lucerne, 176.
• Lungwort, 464.
• Lupulin, 275.
• Lye, concentrated, to make, 259;
  • to extract from ashes, and to use in soap making, 261, 327, 332;
  • see Potash and Soda.
• Machine for rasping arrow-root, 513;
  • making sugar, 572,
  • et seq.
• Madder, import., cultiv., and uses of as a dye plant, 406;
  • subst. for, 407.
• Madeira nut, for oil and oil cake, 321.
• Mad dog skullcap, 446.
• Maiden hair, 591.
• Magnolia, 36, 38, 39.
• Mahogany, 87;
  • substitute for, 171, 321;
  • mountain, 265.
• Maize, oil, sugar, beer, potash, soda, bread, paper from, 548,
  • et seq.
• Malaria, plants neutralizing, 56;
  • barrier against, 422;
  • influence of pine on 422;
  • see, also, Antiperiodics.
• Malate of lime, 167.
• Malic acid, 150;
  • plants yielding and preparation of, 167.
• Mallows, 90, 91.
• Mandrake, 21.
• Mangle, 55.
• Manna, subst. for, 565, 585;
  • croup, 585.
• Maple, red, 79;
  • sugar, mode of ext'g, 80.
• Maritime scirpus, 589.
• Marcet's exp. on sensibility in plants, 197, 198.
• Marsh, club rush, 589;
  • mallow, 90;
  • rosemary, 437;
  • grass, 582.
• Maté, or Paraguay tea, 394.
• Mattresses, material for, 237, 489, 524, 525, 544.
• Maryland cunilla, 445.
• May-apple, vinegar from, 21, 77, 577;
  • weed, 424.
• Meadow garlic, for pickling, and subst. for garlic, 531;
  • grass, 585.
• Meal, white and red, 538, 541;
  • hygienic bread from corn, 549;
  • pl. poisoning, 564.
• Meat, plants to preserve, 42, 552;
  • subst. for, 195.
• Meekweed, 467.
• Medeola, Virginian, 529.
• Melilot clover, 176.
• Methylene, plants yielding, 380.
• Mezereon, substitute for, 350.
• Milfoil mint, 424.
• Milk, subst. for, 64;
  • to coagulate, see Rennet; sickness, remedy for, 148;
  • vetch, 177.
• Mississippi nut, 333.
• Mistletoe, 63.
• Mitchella, 404.
• Mock moccason, 425.
• Molasses, subst. for, 64;
  • plants yielding, 309;
  • from Ch. sugar-cane, 567,
  • et seq.
• Monarda, 443.
• Moonseed, 376.
• Moss, long, in stuffing beds, cushions, etc., 524.

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  Page xvi

• Mosses, 589.
• Motherwort, 448.
• Moth mullein, 464.
• Mountain, ash, 167, 168;
  • berry, 380;
  • flax, 85
  • laurel for engraving, 380
  • mahogany, 265
  • sumach, 207.
• Mouse ear, 414.
• Moxa, prep. from cotton, 96
  • from sunflowers, 422
• Mucilaginous plants, native, 56, 66, 90, 91, 140, 149, 176, 310, 332, 345, 390, 391, 405, 418, 439, 451, 463, 466, 502, 534, 537, 565 589.
• Mucuna, substitute for, 234.
• Mulberry, to feed silk worms, 280
  • everbearing, 304
  • propagation of, 283
  • syrup from, 305
  • paper from, 305
  • French, 449.
• Mullein, 463;
  • month, 464.
• Murrain, to relieve, 20.
• Mushroom, edible, to select, 594
  • to propagate, 595
  • plan in S. C., 597
  • antidote to poisonous, 597.
• Muskmelon, 64.
• Musk, substitute for, 533.
• Musical instruments, wood for making, 312.
• Mustard, 72
  • cult. and prep. of, 73.
• Myope, rice diet upon, 579.
• Myrtle, sea, 418
  • wax from, 312
  • leaves for tanning, 313, 345
  • for soap and candles, 314
  • to make, 315
  • leaves in place of oak bark in tanning, 345.
• Narcotics, native, 18, 23, 31, 44, 129, 350, 380, 382, 383, 401, 408, 410, 426, 435, 437, 439, 448, 461, 463, 469, 474, 481, 483, 494, 525, 528, 532, 564.
• Nausea, to allay, 416
  • nauseants, see Emetics.
• Nearsightedness, influence of food upon, 579.
• Neckweed, 467.
• Nettle, dwarf, 268
  • hæmastatic virtues of, 269
  • stinging, 119
  • red, 270
  • leaf vervain, 450.
  • New Jersey tea tree, an astringent, and subst. for foreign tea, 109
  • cider, 151.
• Nightshade, 468.
• Nine bark, 147.
• Nitrate of potash, plants yielding, 363, 340.
• Nitre, plants yielding, 326, 340, 376, 428
  • to prepare, 340
  • see Potash.
• Nonesuch, 176.
• Nut, oil, to procure, 234
  • grass, 588.
• Oak, bark, to collect for tanning, 240,
  • et seq.; white, 257
  • black, 238
  • red, 263
  • quercitron, 238
  • balls, 238
  • of Jerusalem, 361, 363
  • Spanish, 256
  • poison, 200
  • live, 263
  • scrub, potash in, 504.
• Oat, 583
• Oil, nut, 317
  • to procure, 234
  • olive, cult. and prep. of, 490
  • nature and mode of extracting, 457
  • to clarify, 457, 461
  • of flowers to extract, 460, 461
  • press, 455
  • volatile, 416
  • to extract, 459, 481, 485
  • for food, 422, 453, 490
  • essential, 533, 380
  • blue, 425, 440, 445
  • from cotton seed, 494
  • aromatic, 199, 200, 351, 507, 510, 363, 416
  • to cultivate, 440
  • to extract, 459
  • styptic, 415, 416
  • painter's 234
  • from beech, 237
  • for soaps, 457
  • for burning, etc., 24 63, 67, 72, 78, 94, 122, 135, 188, 194, 235, 273, 313, 322, 422
  • amount yielded by different seeds, 453
  • subst. for olive, 24, 29, 63, 74, 194, 234, 235, 422, 451
  • subst. for castor, 29, 111, 451
  • cake, 67, 73, 88, 94, 118, 124, 322, 422, 423
  • peculiar volatile, 546
  • from corn, 553
  • poisonous from darnel, 564.
• Okra, 91
  • substitute for, 76.
• Old man's beard, 494.
• Olive oil, subst. for, 24, 29 63 74, 490
  • European
  • to cultivate and extract oil, etc., 490.
• Ooze, to prepare in tanning, 256.
• Onion, tree, 531
  • subst. for, 532.
• Opium, poppy (see Narcotics), 23, 27
  • culture, 28
  • gum, to collect and prepare, 25, 27
  • subst. for, 29, 84, 18, 147, 275, 276.
• Orach, 361.
• Orange and lime in Florida, 107
  • essence and wine from, 108.
• Orange root, 18
  • wild, 171
  • Osage, 102
  • grass, 79.
• Orchard grass, 587.
• Orchis, 524.
• Origanum, 443.
• Osage orange, as hedge plant, 101
  • as dye stuff, 103.
• Osier willow, for baskets, 335
  • to cultivate and dress, 336.
• Oxalate of potash, 140, 369.
• Oxalic acid in plants, 369.
• Ox-eyed daisy, 426.
• Packing, material for, 545.
• Palma Christi, uses, cultivation, and expression of oil from, 112.
• Palmetto, 526
  • saw, for mattresses, pillows, hats, 525
  • potash in, 526
  • for wharves, dates from, 526
  • dwarf, fans from, 527
• Painters, oil for, to procure, 234, 273.
• Panicum, spiked, 565.
• Papaw, influence on meat, 41.
• Paper, native material for making, 16, 70, 93, 545
  • from cotton plant, 96
  • from mulberry, 305, 307
  • from sunflower, 443
  • from agave, 522
  • Chinese paper from typha, 545
  • from corn leaves, 558
  • from sugar-cane, 573.
• Parmentier, on conversion of starch from roots into food, 542.
• Parsley, 45.
• Parilla, 376.
• Partridge berry, 380, 405.

  ---

  Page xvii

• Passion flower, 77.
• Pea, 194.
• Peach, 173;
  • to dry, aphides on, 173.
• Pear, 149, 166;
  • to store, 149;
  • to make productive, 166.
• Pecan nut, 333.
• Pennyroyal, 446.
• Pepper, 468;
  • grass, 67
  • mint, 440.
• Persimmon, tannin in, 385
  • beer from, 387
  • vinegar and syrup from, 388, 577.
  • Perspiration extraordinary in plants, 422.
  • Peruvian bark, substitute for, 59, 88.
  • Perry, to prepare, 149.
  • Peterwort, 78.
  • Phænogamous species, 15.
  • Picromar, 504.
  • Pillows (see Mattresses).
  • Pimpernel, 384, 468.
  • Pindar, oil from, 194.
  • Pine, long leaved, varied uses of, turpentine, pyroligneous acid from, etc., 495;
  • influence on ozone, malaria, 495
  • pitch pine, uses of tar from, 504, 505
  • white, 505
  • Spanish gum, uses of, 505
  • northern, 505
  • substitute for, 506
  • weed, 79
  • Walter's pine, substitute for northern, 506
  • mucilaginous, 506
  • Weymouth, export of, 505.
• Pink root, 481.
• Pipes, material for, 537.
• Pipe stems, plants furnishing, 130, 310, 379.
• Pipsissewa, 377
  • diuretic tonic, 378.
• Piquette, to manufacture, 159.
• Plane stocks, materials for, 150
  • (see Cabinet work).
• Plantain, 436
  • water, 536.
• Plants (see Wood), to collect and dry, 5
  • for cabinet purposes, 11
  • easily procurable, medicinal, 8, 412
  • for wood engraving, 11, 59, 168
  • soft woods, 13
  • luminous property in, 55
  • intox. fish, 84
  • yielding thread (see "Fibre"), material for paper, 16, 70, 93, 274, 305
  • potash in, see "Potash;" oil from, see "Oil;" sugar in, 321, 81, 318
  • yielding liquors, 159, 161
  • see "Liquors;" for tanning, see "Tanning;" yielding charcoal, see "Charcoal;" see "Poisonous Plants," discovery of new medicinal, 529, 563
  • evolving heat, 541, 544
  • list of those avoided by animals, 563
  • yielding gluten, 483.
• Pleurisy root, substitute for antimony and calomel, 485.
• Poisonous plants, 380, 382, 383, 384, 404, 460, 469, 476, 485, 527, 528, 564.
• Poison, ash, 494
  • oak, 200
  • sumach, 206.
  • Pokeweed, 365
  • crimson, dye from, 367
  • potash from, 366
  • to color wine, 366.
• Pomegranate, 58.
• Pond lily, 35
  • spice, 355.
• Poppy, opium, 23, 28
  • preparation and cultivation of, 27
  • Mexican, 28
  • prickly, 28.
• Potash, binox. of, 140, 369
  • plants yielding, 34, 47, 80, 84, 526, 359, 366, 421, 423, 473, 236
  • to extract, 260, 325, 360
  • to prepare, 326, 328
  • from weeds, 328, 421, 504
  • nitrate of, 363, 376, 590
  • from fuci, 594.
• Potato, sweet, 397
  • coffee from, 400
  • starch from, 400
  • blistering flies on, 400
  • to cleanse silk, 400, 472
  • Irish, starch from, 471
  • yam, a substitute for, 539.
• Prickly, ash, 136, 137
  • pear, to harden tallow, 66
  • poppy, 28.
• Pride of India, 106
  • as vermifuge, and for cabinet purposes, 107.
• Printing blocks, material for, 122
  • see wood engraving, 150, 168.
• Prussic acid, plants yielding, 170, 171, 172.
• Puccoon, 30
  • formulæ for, 599, 601.
• Purgatives, plants supplying, see Cathartics.
• Pyroligneous acid from pine, 498
  • vinegar from, 498.
• Pumpkin, 64.
• Pupil, plants dilating, 470, 476.
• Purslane, 131.
• Putty root, substitute for gum arabic, 525.
• Quass, manufacture, 164.
• Quassia, 137.
• Queen's delight, 121.
• Quercitron, 239
  • oak, 239.
• Quinine (see Antiperiod.), substitute for, 238, 334, 372, 405, 412.
• Rabbit-foot clover, 177.
• Radish, water, 71.
• Rag weed, 419
  • root, 429.
• Raspberry, wild, 144.
• Rattlesnake's master, 50, 522
  • plants hostile to, 494.
• Reed mace, 544
  • burr, 545.
• Red-bird salad, 197
  • chickweed, 384
  • clover, 177.
• Refrigerants, 139, 140, 368, 369, 383, 437, 534, 536.
• Reeling of silk, 300.
• Rennet, plant acting as, 77, 131, 139, 406, 482.
• Rhubarb, substitute for, 368, 370, 396, 480
  • culture of, in Confederate States, 373
  • preparation of roots, 374.
• Rhus, antidote for, 201.
• Ribwort, 437.
• Rice, Carolina, uses of, effect in producing myope, 578
  • starch from, 578
  • bread from, 580
  • substitute for coffee, 580.
• Roots, to dry, 7
  • furnishing starch and food, 541, 542, 544.
• Rope, wahoo, for baling cotton, 311
  • material for, 350.
• Rose, 460, 461
  • water to prepare, 460
  • oil to prepare, 461
  • acacia, 189
  • rosemary, 437.
• Rosaries, seeds for making, 130.

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  Page xviii

• Rosin from pine, 497
  • from cypress, 509.
• Rouge, substitute for, 439.
• Royal fern, 591.
• Rubefacients (see Escharotics), 17, 31, 33, 74.
• Rue, Turkey, 187.
• Rush, white, 582.
• Rye, substitute for coffee, 584.
• Saccharine matter in grasses, 225; see, also, Wine and Sugar.
• Sage, 442;
  • cultivation of, 443.
• Sago from potato, 397;
  • from arum, 543.
• Salad, substitute for, 56, 57, 67, 72, 73, 131, 136, 276, 369, 430, 529, 544.
• Salicin, 335.
• Salivation caused by plants, 128, 136, 137, 177, 410, 436, 447, 486;
  • plants arresting, 420; see Alteratives.
• Saliva, plants tinging, 436.
• Salt, economy in, 332, 503.
• Saltwort, 359;
  • yielding soda, 360;
  • marsh grass, 582.
• Sap of trees, liquors from, 163;
  • sugar from, 318, 321.
• Saponine, 132.
• Sampson's snakeroot, 478.
• Sand-paper, substitute for, 415.
• Sanguinaria, 599.
• Sanicle, 42.
• Sarsaparilla, 51, 132, 376;
  • substitute for, 460, 537.
• Sassafras, 350;
  • substitute for gum arabic, 351, 352;
  • beer from, 353.
• Savin, substitute for, 510.
• Saw palmetto for mattresses and hats, 525.
• Scabish, 55.
• Scarlet pimpernel, 384.
• Scouring rush, 582.
• Skullcap, 446.
• Sea myrtle, 418;
  • grape, 376;
  • orach, 361;
  • weed, soda, iodine, and potash from, 593;
  • as manure, 594.
• Sedatives, plants acting as, 19, 20, 30, 44, 47, 58, 103, 169, 172, 173, 382, 383, 401, 441, 465, 469, 525, 528, 535.
• Seneka snakeroot, 85.
• Senna, wild, 195.
• Sensibility in plants, 197.
• Sensitive plant, 197.
• Serpentaria, 355, 357.
• Service tree, 161, 168;
  • drink from, 162.
• Side-saddle flower, 53.
• Silk, making of, 280;
  • rearing of worms and processes, 281,
  • et seq.; substitute for, 489.
• Silkweed for cloth, thread, cushions, etc., 489;
  • cultivation of, 489.
• Silica in plants, 415, 590.
• Silver fir, 506.
• Simpler's joy, 450.
• Sisal hemp, to cultivate and prepare, 58;
  • to cleanse, rot, the fibre, 519, et seq.
• Skunk cabbage, 544.
• Sheep laurel, 381;
  • sorrel, 308;
  • plants poisonous to, 379.
• Ship building, timber for, 188, 189, 236, 263, 505, 507; see wood for cabinet work.
• Shoe wax, to make, 206;
  • wooden shoes, 343, 348.
• Shrub, 199.
• Shucks, soap, paper, soda, manufactures from, 551, et seq.;
  • yarn from, 561.
• Smart-weed, 370.
• Smilacine, 538.
• Smith, Dr. J. L. on crystal. sugar, 570.
• Smut caused by barberry, 52;
  • to prevent, 598.
• Snake-head, 465;
  • plantain, 437;
  • weed, 44;
  • root, 43, 85, 355, 357, 358;
  • Sampson's snakeroot, 478;
  • black snakeroot, 19.
• Snuff, plants to flavor, 546.
• Soapwort, 132.
• Soap, plants furnishing, 69, 83, 84, 96, 107, 132, 325, 423;
  • soft, to make, 134, 332,
  • hard, 259, 331;
  • to make with lye, 261, 316;
  • economical, 262, 331, 332;
  • from myrtle berries, 314;
  • from resin without grease, 501;
  • from corn shucks, 551, 561;
  • plants acting as, 590;
  • from seaweed, 593.
• Soda, plants yielding, 133, 359, 551;
  • to manufacture, 133, 134, 360;
  • from kelp, 590, 593.
• Soft rush, 537.
• Solanina, 469, 471, 472.
• Solferino, color, 367.
• Solomon's seal, 534.
• Sorghum and sorgho sucré, sugar and syrup from, to manufacture, 567, et seq.;
  • mill for, 568.
• Sorrel, 368, 374.
• Sour wood, 379;
  • gum, 347.
• Sow thistle, 436.
• Soup, plant to make, 195, 585.
• Sparterie, for baskets, 343.
• Spearmint, 440.
• Speedwell, 466.
• Spice bush, 354.
• Spicy wintergreen, 380.
• Spiders, to relieve sting of, 401.
• Spigeline, 482.
• Spikenard, American, 51.
• Spinach. substitute for, 136.
• Spirits, from plants (see Liquors).
• Spotted wintergreen, 377.
• Spruce, 505;
  • hemlock, for tanning, 506;
  • black, 507;
  • essence of, 507;
  • white, 507;
  • beer, 279.
• Spurge, 128.
• Spurry, 135;
  • to improve soils, 561.
• Squaw root, 462.
• St. John's wort, 78.
• Staggers, plant causing, 522.
• Starch, plants yielding, 53, 84, 524, 537;
  • from potato, 397, 400, 422;
  • to extract and prepare, 516;
  • by fermentation, 517;
  • to wash and pack for sale, 518, 534, 536, 539;
  • from Indian turnip, 541,
  • from roots, to be converted into bread.

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    Page xix

    542;

  • from corn, 553;
  • from rice, 578;
  • from wheat, to manufacture, 584.
• Star-flower, 532;
  • grass, 532, 533.
• Stearine, plant yielding, 122, 124.
• Steeple bush, 146.
• Sternutatories, native 31, 483, 358, 533.
• Stitchweed, 136.
• Stimulants, plants yielding, 85, 427, 542, 543.
• Stomachics, native, 39, 479, 480, 532.
• Stramonium, 474.
• Strawberry, 144.
• Styptic weed, 130, 196, 424;
  • styptics, 424, 426.
• Sugar-cane, 577, 570; et seq.;
  • paper and syrup from, 573;
  • wax from, 578.
• Sugar maple, 80;
  • to extract sugar from, 81.
• Sugar, to manufacture, 81, 567; et seq.;
  • berry, 312;
  • plants producing, 79, 80, 92, 539;
  • to clarify with vegetable albumen, 92;
  • from sap of walnut, 318, 321;
  • from beet, 375;
  • from sap of trees, 318, 321, 396;
  • from potato, 400;
  • from silkweed, 488;
  • to prepare and manufacture from corn, 553;
  • Naudain and Webb's method, 553, 558;
  • large amount in lime grass, 562;
  • Chinese sugar, molasses, and syrup from, to manufacture, 567; et seq.;
  • mill for, 268;
  • antiseptic power of, 569;
  • to crystallize, 570, 577.
• Sumachs, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207;
  • antidote to poisoning by, 201, 273, 450, 541;
  • cultivation of for tannin, 209;
  • and for calico printing in Sicily, 209.
• Sun, dew, 73;
  • flower, extraordinary evaporation in, oil, cigars from, cultivation of, 422;
  • paper from, 423;
  • potassa and oil from, 423.
• Swallowwort, 488.
• Swamp laurel, 36;
  • dogwood, 62.
• Sweet, birch, 265, 380;
  • gum, for tanning, 344;
  • leaf, 388, 389;
  • shrub, 199;
  • potato, 397.
• Syrup, of wild cherry, 171;
  • astringent, 388;
  • to manufacture from Ch. sugarcane, 567, et seq., 591.
• Tallow tree, 122;
  • candles and soap to obtain from it, 123.
• Tannin, plants yielding (see Astringents); to extract, 209, 210, 379, 380, 415, 438, 445, 591
  • leaves tested for, 345; (see Rhus. Quercus, and Liquidambar).
• Tanning leather, plants for, 146, 201 to 211, 240, 243, 267, 316, 345, 384, 494, 546;
  • method described by Dr. Lee, 245;
  • easy method on plantations, 249;
  • method from So. Cultivator, 255;
  • leaves suggested to be used in, 345;
  • dogfennel and gum for, 346.
• Tansy, 425.
• Tanya, indelible dye from, 367.
• Tar water, 504.
• Taraxacum, uses of, 428.
• Tare, 194.
• Tea, antispasmodic from Tilia, 103, 525;
  • Chinese tea plant, cult. and subst. for, 104, 140, 144, 380, 389, 390, 391, 393, 417, 482;
  • New Jersey tea tree, 109;
  • demulcent and aromatic, 352, 354;
  • flavor of green tea, 523;
  • blade, 553.
• Telegraph poles, wood for, 510.
• Terebene and turpentine, 501.
• Textile plants, see "Fibre."
• Thatch, pl. for, 590.
• Thirst, plants allaying, 379.
• Thistles, 436.
• Thorn-apple, 28, 474, 477.
• Thoroughwort, 410, 413.
• Thread from pl. (see Fibre), 88, 272, 489.
• Thyme, 444.
• Tickweed, 446.
• Tilleul, subst. for soothing tea from, 103.
• Timber, best time to fell, 241;
  • to season, 258;
  • relative strength of, 258;
  • density of, 264;
  • effect of soil and season upon 263;
  • selection of, 264;
  • height of, 264.
• Timothy grass, peculiarity of seed, 566.
• Titi, for pipe stems, 130.
• Tobacco, 473;
  • subst. for, 29, 62, 358;
  • to flavor, 410, 439, 473, 546.
• Tomato, 472.
• Tonics, native, 18, 21, 33, 36, 39, 54, 61, 63, 136, 138, 146, 169, 344, 356, 376, 377, 389, 390, 413, 415, 427, 428, 435, 445, 448, 466, 478, 480, 524, 527, 532, 546.
• Tool handles, wood for, see "Cabinet," 235.
• Toothache, remedy for, 447;
  • bush, 50, 136, 137.
• Torchwood, 200.
• Touch-me-not, 139.
• Traveller's joy, 16.
• Trees, height, strength, etc.; see "Timber."
• Trefoil, 177.
• Tripterella, blue, 523.
• True blue grass, value in enriching lands, 585.
• Trumpet flower, 460.
• Tuckahoe, 599.
• Tulip tree, 39;
  • poplar, 39.
• Tupelo, 347;
  • for making utensils, shoes, etc., 348.
• Turkey pea, 187.
• Turmeric, 18.
• Turnsole, 438.
• Turpentine, extraction, uses, etc., 495, 499;
  • soap from, 496;
  • effects upon system, 499;
  • to render leather and cloth water-proof, 500;
  • terebene from, 501;
  • as a burning fluid, 501.
• Twine, material for, 531; (see Cordage).
• Twin-leaf, 21.
• Ultramarine blue from plants, 536.
• Umbrella tree, 38;
  • wood for handles of, 235.
• Unicorn root, 532.
• Uterus, influence of cotton seed on, 94.

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  Page xx

• Valerian, substitute for, 525.
• Vanilla, substitute for, 173;
  • wild, 410.
• Varnishes, pl. yielding, 200, 202, 207, 208.
• Vegetable stearine, 125;
  • wax, 313; see Oil.
• Veneering, material for, 16, 79, 80.
• Venus fly-trap, 35.
• Veratrum viride and veratria, 528;
  • mode of using as a sedative, 529.
• Vermifuges, native, 22, 39, 41, 48, 106, 132, 234, 280, 361, 363, 404, 449, 466, 481, 507, 510, 588, 590.
• Veronica, 467.
• Vervain, 450.
• Vesicants; see Escharotics.
• Vetch, 194.
• Violet, common, 75;
  • hand-leaved, 76;
  • dog's-tooth, 530.
• Vinegar, native material for (see Sumach), 64, 150, 308;
  • from honey, 308;
  • from fig, 308;
  • from beet, 374;
  • persimmon, 388;
  • from pyroligneous acid, 498;
  • from Chinese sugar-cane, 576.
• Vine, grape, 213;
  • wine from, to make, 214, et seq.
• Virgin's bower, 16.
• Virginian veronica, 407;
  • lycopus, 441;
  • cress, 67;
  • swallowwort, 488;
  • silk, 488;
  • medeola, 529.
• Vitality in plants, 395.
• Volatile oil, peculiar, 546.
• Vomiting, plants allaying, 440, 444, 527.
• Wake robin, 540.
• Walnut, 317, 318;
  • sugar and oil from, 318;
  • leaves as alterative, 319;
  • for gunstocks, 320;
  • Persian, 321.
• Wahoo, 311;
  • rope and cordage from, 311.
• Walter's pine, 506;
  • grass, 581.
• Washing, economical mode of, 261.
• Water-proof material, 89;
  • to purify, 342;
  • chickweed, 347;
  • cress, 71;
  • fescue, 587;
  • flax-seed, 548;
  • horehound, 440;
  • lily, 35;
  • melon, 64;
  • pepper, 370;
  • radish, witch - hazel, to detect, 59;
  • plantain, 536;
  • grass to prevent encroachment of, 562.
• Wax, insect, 122;
• Wax, insect, 122;
  • to obtain from myrtle, 313;
  • nature of, 313;
  • myrtle, 312;
  • from sugar-cane, 578.
• Weeds, as manure, and to prevent spread of, 504;
  • alkaline salts in, 504.
• Weeping willow, 343.
• Weymouth pine, uses of, 505.
• Wheat, gluten, and starch from, 583;
  • substitute for, 235, 567;
  • from doura corn, 567;
  • bitters, 587;
  • smut in, 598;
  • poisoned, 564.
• White, hellebore, 312, 523;
  • substitute for, 67;
  • ash, 494;
  • cedar, 509;
  • beech, 235;
  • avens, 145;
  • oak, baling for cotton, 258;
  • and strength of fibre, 258;
  • weed, 426;
  • wood, 39;
  • poplar, 343;
  • spruce, 507;
  • rush, 582.
• Whortleberry, 384.
• Wild chamomile, 424;
  • carrot, 48;
  • cherry, 169;
  • syrup of, 170, 179;
  • coffee, 196;
  • currant, 168;
  • endive, 431;
  • ginger, 357;
  • rose-bay, 380;
  • horehound, 413;
  • hippo, 126;
  • indigo, 173, 178;
  • ipecac, 127;
  • jalap, 21;
  • lettuce, 435;
  • lemon, 21;
  • liquorice, 51;
  • orange, 171;
  • potato vine, 396;
  • raspberry, 144;
  • radish, 72;
  • sarsaparilla, 51;
  • senna, 195;
  • strawberry, 144;
  • yam, 334;
  • vanilla, 410;
  • garlic, 532;
  • yam, 539.
• Willow, 334;
  • osier, 335;
  • purple, 335;
  • for baskets, 336;
  • to cultivate, 336;
  • red, 62.
• Wine, from native grape, to manufacture, 213, et seq.;
  • cellars for, 213;
  • Prof. Jackson's plan of making wine, 214;
  • from grape leaves, 219;
  • Hume's method, 222;
  • in California, 225;
  • red, 228;
  • fermentation, 165, 232, 234;
  • from orange, 108;
  • blackberry, to make, 141, 142;
  • from sap of birch, 268;
  • to color, 366.
• Wing-rib sumach, 207.
• Winterberry, 389;
  • green, 377, 380.
• Witch-hazel, 58;
  • in detecting water, 59;
  • alder.
• Wood, substitute for, as dye wood, 417.
• Woodbine, 408;
  • anemone, 16;
  • sorrel, 139, 140.
• Wood, native, for engraving, 11, 62, 122, 150, 168, 233, 266, 381, 386, 392, 508;
  • soft and hard, 12, 62, 233, 358, 382, 384, 493, 235, 266, 507;
  • for cabinet and manufacturing purposes, 11, 62, 79, 80, 103, 104, 107, 150, 171, 188, 189, 120, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257, 266, 306, 310, 311, 312, 318, 320, 323, 343, 392, 460, 494, 499, 505, 506, 507, 511;
  • strength of fibre of, 257, 263;
  • dye from, 16, 18, 21, 182, 240 (see Dyes);
  • relative density of wood, 263, 507, 511;
  • influence of soil upon, 263;
  • for fuel, 421;
  • duration impregnated with sulphate of copper, and method, 502, 511;
  • to preserve by chemical agencies, 503;
  • for ship building, 505, 507, 511;
  • for gunstocks, 320.
• Wormseed, 361.
• Wormwood, for supply of potash, 364.
• Woorari, from plant, 483.
• Xanthoxylin, 137.
• Yam root, wild, to cult. and store, 539.
• Yarrow, wild, 424.
• Yaupon, tea from, 393.
• Yellow grass, 533;
  • clover, 176;
  • lady's slipper, 525;
  • locust tree, 188;
  • moccason, 525,
  • parilla, 376;
  • root, 18, 21;
  • star thistle, 28;
  • star grass, 533;
  • sarsaparilla, 376, 460.

INDEX
OF THE
BOTANICAL NAMES OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

• Abies balsamea, 506.
• Abies Canadensis, 506.
• Abies Nigra, 507.
• Abies Alba, 507.
• Abutilon Avicennæ, 91.
• Acalypha Virginica, 120.
• Acer rubrum, 79.
• Acer saccharinum, 80.
• Achillea millefolium, 424.
• Achyranthes repens, 359.
• Aconitum uncinatum, 441.
• Acorus calamus, 545.
• Actæa racemosa, 19.
• Adiantum, 590.
• Adiantum, pedatum, 591.
• Æsculus pavia, 84.
• Agave Virginica, 522.
• Agave Sisalina, 518.
• Agave pulque, 522.
• Agaricus campestris, 594.
• Agrimonia eupatoria, 145, 271.
• Agrostis stolonifera, 563.
• Agrostis perennans, 581.
• Aletris farinosa, 532.
• Aletris aurea, 533.
• Algæ, 592.
• Allium Canadense, 531.
• Allium Carolinianum, 532.
• Alisma plantago, 536.
• Alisma trivialis, 536.
• Alisma parviflora, 536.
• Alnus serrulata, 266, 377.
• Amaryllis atamasco, 522.
• Ambrosia trifida, 420.
• Ambrosia artemisifolia, 419
• Amelanchier, 161, 162, 168.
• Amianthum muscætoxicum, 527.
• Ammi majus, 45.
• Amophila arenaria, 582.
• Amorpha fruticosa, 187.
• Amphicarpa monoica, 194.
• Amygdalus, 173.
• Amyris Floridana, 200.
• Anagallis arvensis, 384.
• Anchusa tinctoria, 126.
• Andromeda angustif., 379.
• Andromeda arborea, 379.
• Andromeda coriacca, 379.
• Andromeda mariana, 379.
• Andromeda nitida, 379.
• Andromeda speciosa, 379.
• Anemone nemorosa, 16.
• Anemone hepatica, 17.
• Anethum foeniculum, 47.
• Angelica lucida, 46.
• Anona triloba, 41.
• Anthemis, 424.
• Anthoxanthum odoratum, 354, 356.
• Antennaria Margaritacea, 426.
• Apium graveolens, 45.
• Apium petroselinum, 45.
• Apocynum cannabinum, 483
• Apocynum androsæmif., 484
• Apocynum pubescens, 483.
• Archangelica, 46.
• Arachis hypogea, 194.
• Aralia spinosa, 50.
• Aralia nudicaulis, 51.
• Aralia racemosa, 51.
• Argemone Mexicana, 28.
• Arisæma atroreubens, 540.
• Aristolochia serpent., 355.
• Aristolochia hastata, 357.
• Aristolochia sipho, 357.
• Arnica nudicaulis, 426.
• Arnica montana, 427.
• Aronia botryapium, 161, 168
• Artemisia caudata, 362.
• Arrhenatherum, 586.
• Arundo arenaria, 582.
• Arundinaria gigantea, 587.
• Arundinaria macrosper., 587
• Arum maculatum, 542.
• Arum triphyllum, 540.
• Arum Virginicum, 542.
• Asarum Virginicum, 358.
• Asarum Canadense, 357.
• Asarum arifolium, 358.
• Asclepias decumbens, 485.
• Asclepias incarnata, 488.
• Asclepias verticillata, 488.
• Asclepias tuberosa, 485.
• Asclepias cornuti, 488.
• Asclepias Syriaca, 488.
• Ascyrum Crux-Andreæ, 78.
• Ascyrum multicaule, 78.
• Asimina triloba, 41.
• Asparagus officinalis, 535.
• Aster tortifolius, 414.
• Aster cordifolium, 415.
• Aster linarifolius, 415.
• Atriplex laciniata, 361.
• Atropa physaloides, 473.
• Avena sativa, 583.
• Baccharis halimifolia, 418.
• Baptisia bracteata, 175.
• Baptisia leucophæa, 175.
• Baptisia tinctoria, 175.
• Batschia canescens, 33.
• Benzoin odoriferum, 352, 354
• Berberis Canadensis, 51.
• Berberis vulgaris, 51.
• Beta vulgaris, 374.
• Betula nigra, 266.
• Betula lenta, 265, 380.
• Bignonia, capreolata, 460.
• Bignonia, catalpa, 460.
• Bignonia, crucigera, 460.
• Bletia verecunda, 524.
• Bletia aphylla, 424.
• Boehmeria nivea, 272.
• Brassica oleracea, 454.
• Brassica campestris, 454.
• Broussonetia papyrif., 307.
• Bromus secalinus, 587.
• Bromus purgans, 587.
• Bumelia lycioides, 385.
• Bursera gummifera, 200.
• Buxus sempervirens, 111.
• Cactus cochinilifer, 67.
• Cactus opuntia, 66.
• Calamagrostis, 582.

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  Page xxii

• Callicarpa Americana, 449.
• Callitriche verna, 347.
• Callitriche heterophyl., 347
• Caltha palustris, 18.
• Calycanthus Floridus, 199.
• Camelina sativa, cultivation of, 67.
• Canella alba, 131.
• Cannabis sativa, 273.
• Cannabis Indica, 273.
• Canna flacida, 536.
• Capparis spinosa, 75.
• Capparis Jamaicensis, 75.
• Capparis cynophalloph., 75
• Caprifolium, 408.
• Capsella bursa-pastoris, 70.
• Capsicum annuum, 468.
• Carex acuta, 589, 544.
• Carpinus, (see Ostrya) 233.
• Carya amara, 322.
• Carya olivæformis, 333.
• Carya porcina, 322.
• Carya alba, 322.
• Carya myristiciæformis, 333
• Cassia occidentalis, 196.
• Cassia Caroliniana, 196.
• Cassia chamæcrista, 196.
• Cassia hirsuta, 196.
• Cassia Marylandica, 195.
• Cassia tora, 197.
• Castanea pumila, 237.
• Castanea vesca, 238.
• Catalpa cordifolia, 460.
• Ceanothus Americanus, 109
• Celtis occidentalis, 312.
• Centaurea benedicta, 427.
• Cephalanthus occident., 405
• Cerasus serotina, 169.
• Cerasus Caroliniana, 171.
• Cercis Canadensis, 197.
• Cicuta maculata, 44.
• Cicuta virosa, 45.
• Cimicifuga racemosa, 19.
• Citrus aurantium, 107.
• Chamælirium Carolin., 427.
• Chamærops palmetto, 526.
• Chamærops serrulata, 512, 525.
• Chelone glabra, 465.
• Chenopodium anthelminticum, 361, 359.
• Chenopodium ambros., 363.
• Chenopodium alb., 359, 364.
• Chenopodium botrys, 363.
• Chimaphila maculata, 377.
• Chimaphila umbellata, 378.
• Chionanthus Virginica, 494.
• Chironia, (see Centaurea) 479.
• Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 426.
• Cichorium intybus, 431.
• Citrus aurantium, 107.
• Citrus limonium, 107, 109.
• Citrullus, 64.
• Cladrastis tinctoria, 175.
• Clematis crispa, 15.
• Clematis viorna, 16.
• Clematis Virginiana, 16.
• Clethra tomentosa, 379.
• Clethra alnifolia, 379.
• Cliftonia ligustrina, 130.
• Clusia flava, 130.
• Clusia rosea, 130.
• Cnicus, (see Centaurea) 427.
• Coccoloba urifera, 376.
• Coccoloba Floridana, 376.
• Coffea Arabica, 405.
• Collinsonia Canadens., 201, 208, 444.
• Collinsonia anisata, 445.
• Collinsonia scabra, 445.
• Commelina communis, 536.
• Convalaria multiflora, 534.
• Convalaria biflora, 534.
• Convalaria majallis, 534.
• Convalaria polygonat., 534
• Convolvulus macror., 396.
• Convolvulus batatas, 397.
• Convolvulus Jalapa, 397.
• Convolvulus pandurat., 396.
• Cornus Florida, 59.
• Cornus sericea, 62.
• Cornus sanguinea, 63.
• Cornus stricta, 63.
• Corylus, rostrata, 234.
• Corylus, Americana, 234.
• Corypha palmetto, 426.
• Cratægus crus-galli, 148.
• Cratægus cordata, 148.
• Croton balsamiferum, 111.
• Croton maratimum, 111.
• Ctenium American, 585.
• Cucumis citrullus, 64.
• Cucumis pepo, 64.
• Cucumis melo, 65.
• Cucumis sativus, 65.
• Cucurbita lagenaria, 65.
• Cunilla mariana, 445.
• Cupressus disticha, 508.
• Cupressus thyoides, 509.
• Cuscuta Americana, 395.
• Cuscuta compacta, 395.
• Cuscuta cornuti, 395.
• Cuscuta vulgivaga, 395.
• Cynara scolymus, 428.
• Cynoglossum Virginic., 439.
• Cynoglossum officinale, 439.
• Cynoglossum amplex., 439.
• Cyperus articulatus, 588.
• Cyperus virens, 588.
• Cyperus odoratus, 588.
• Cyperus hydra, 588.
• Cypripedum pubescens, 425.
• Cyrilla racemiflora, 130.
• Dactylis glomerata, 587.
• Dasystoma pubescens, 466.
• Datura stramonum, 474.
• Datura tatula, 474.
• Daucus carota, 47.
• Daucus pusilus, 48.
• Delphinium consolida, 19.
• Diervilla trifida, 408.
• Diervilla canadensis, 408.
• Digitaria dactylon, 565.
• Digitalis purpurea, 465.
• Dilatris tinctoria, 522.
• Dionoea muscipula, 35.
• Dioscorea battatas, 539.
• Dioscorea villosa, 539.
• Dioscorea sativa, 540.
• Dioscorea alata, 540.
• Diospyros Virginiana, 385.
• Diplopappus linarif. 415.
• Dirca palustris, 350.
• Discopleura capillacea, 45.
• Dracocephalum variegatum, 447.
• Dracocephalum Virginianum, 448.
• Dosera rotundifolium, 77.
• Echites difformis, 482.
• Eclipta erecta, 420.
• Eclipta procumbens, 420.
• Eleocharis palustris, 589.
• Elymus arenarius, 562.
• Epiphagus Americana, 462.
• Equisetum lævigatum, 590.
• Equisetum hiemale, 590.
• Equisetum arvense, 590.
• Erigeron annuum, 416.
• Erigeron canadense, 415, 416
• Erigeron Philadelphic., 415.
• Erigeron pusilum, 416.
• Erigeron strigosum, 415.
• Eryngium aquaticum, 43.
• Eryngium yuccæfolium, 43.
• Eryngium foetidum, 43.
• Eryngium aromaticum, 43.
• Erythronium Americ., 530.
• Erythronium lanceol. 530.
• Erysimum, 71.
• Eugenia, 199.
• Euonymus Americanus, 129.
• Euonymus atropurpur. 129.
• Eupatorium perfoliat. 410.
• Eupatorium purpur. 412.
• Eupatorium rotundif. 413.
• Eupatorium teucrif. 413.
• Eupatorium verbenæ. 413.
• Eupatorium foeniculaceum, 345, 414.
• Euphorbia annua, 129.
• Euphorbia corollata, 126.
• Euphorbia helioscopea, 129.
• Euphorbia hypericif. 128.
• Euphorbia ipecacuan. 127.
• Euphorbia maculata, 128.
• Euphorbia thymifolia, 129.
• Fagus sylvatica, 235.
• Fagus Americana, 235.
• Fagus feruginea, 246.

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  Page xxiii

• Festuca, 585.
• Festuca, duriuscula, 586.
• Ficus carica, 308.
• Filices, 589.
• Foeniculum officinale, 46.
• Fosteronia difformis, 482.
• Fragaria vesca, 144.
• Fragaria Virginiana, 144.
• Frasera Walteri, 480.
• Frasera Caroliniensis, 480.
• Fraxinus acuminata, 494.
• Fraxinus Americana, 494.
• Fuci, 593.
• Fucus serratus, 592.
• Fucus vesiculosus, 592.
• Fumaria officinalis, 34.
• Fungi, 594.
• Galium trifidum, 406.
• Galium hispidulum, 406.
• Galium tinctorium, 406.
• Gaultheria procumb. 380.
• Gelseminum sempervi. 461.
• Gentiana catesbæi, 478.
• Gentiana ochroleuca, 479.
• Gentiana lutea, 386, 479.
• Gentiana purpur. 386, 479.
• Gentiana Elliottii, 478.
• Gentiana saponaria, 479.
• Gentiana quinqueflora, 479.
• Geranium maculatum, 138.
• Gerardia flava, 466.
• Geum Virginianum, 145.
• Geum Carolinianum, 145.
• Gillenia tomentosa, 146.
• Gillenia trifoliata, 147.
• Gillenia stipulacea. 148.
• Glyceria fluitans, 585.
• Glyceria tomentosa, 187.
• Gnaphalium margaritaceum, 426.
• Gnaphalium polyceph. 426.
• Gonolobus macrophyl. 485.
• Gossypium herbaceum, 93.
• Gratiola officinalis, 465.
• Gratiola aurea, 466.
• Gratiola Virginica, 465.
• Gyromia Virginica, 529.
• Hamamelis Virginica, 58.
• Hedeoma pulegioides, 446.
• Hedyotis, 407.
• Helianthus tuberosus, 417, 420.
• Helianthus annuus, 422.
• Heliotropium indicum, 438.
• Helonias dioica, 527.
• Helonias erythrosper., 527.
• Helosciadium, 45.
• Hepatica, trilloba, 17.
• Heuchera Americana, 200.
• Hibiscus moscheutos, 91.
• Hibiscus esculentis, 91.
• Hieracium gronovii, 442.
• Hippomane mancinella, 120.
• Holcus odoratus, 561.
• Holcus sorghum, 566.
• Holcus lanatus, 586.
• Hopea tinctoria, 388.
• Houstonia, 407.
• Humulus lupulus, 275.
• Hydrastis canadensis, 18.
• Hydrolea quadrivalvis, 400.
• Hydrocotyle umbellata, 42.
• Hypericum sarothra, 79.
• Hypericum perforatum, 78.
• Ilex cassina, 393.
• Ilex vomitoria, 393.
• Ilex opaca, 390.
• Ilex dahoon, 395,
• Ilex myrtifolia, 395.
• Illicium Floridanum, 39.
• Illicium parviflorum, 39,
• Impatiens pallida, 139.
• Impatiens noli me tan., 139.
• Indigophera Carolin., 178.
• Indigophera argentea, 179.
• Indigophera anil, 178.
• Indigophera tinctoria, 181.
• Inula helenium, 417.
• Ipomoea nil, 396.
• Ipomoea panduratus, 396.
• Iris Virginica, 524.
• Iris versicolor, 523.
• Isatis tinctoria, 179.
• Jatropha stimulosa, 119, 578.
• Jeffersonia diphylla, 21.
• Juglans cinerea, 317.
• Juglans nigra, 318.
• Juglans regia, 321.
• Juncus effusus, 537.
• Juncus communis, 537.
• Juniperus Virginiana, 510.
• Jussioea grandiflora, 57.
• Kalmia latifolia, 381.
• Kalmia angustifolia, 353.
• Kalmia hirsuta, 382.
• Lachnanthes tinctoria, 522.
• Lactuca elongata, 435.
• Lactuca longifolia, 435.
• Laurus sassafras, 350.
• Laurus benzoin, 352, 354.
• Laurus geniculata, 355.
• Leersia oryzoides, 581.
• Lemna polyrhiza, 548.
• Leontodon tarax., 428.
• Leonurus cardiaca, 448.
• Lepidium Virginicum, 67.
• Leptandra, 467.
• Leucanthemum vulgare, 426
• Liatris spicata, 410.
• Liatris scariosa, 410.
• Liatris squamosa, 410.
• Liatris odoratissima, 410.
• Limnetis, 582.
• Linum usitatissimum, 88.
• Liquidambar styracif., 344.
• Liriodendron tulipifera, 39.
• Lithospermum canescens, 33
• Lithospermum arvense, 439.
• Lobelia inflata, 401.
• Lobelia syphilitica, 403.
• Lobelia cardinalis, 404.
• Lolium temulentum, 564.
• Lonicera sempervirens, 408
• Lonicera diervilla, 408.
• Lonicera caprifolium, 408.
• Lycopus Europeus, 440.
• Lycopus angustifolius, 440.
• Lycopus sinuatus, 440.
• Lycopus Virginicus, 441.
• Ludwigia alternifolia, 57.
• Lycoperdon solidum, 599.
• Maclura auruntiaca, 101.
• Magnolia glauca, 36.
• Magnolia acuminata, 38.
• Magnolia grandiflora, 38.
• Magnolia macrophylla, 39.
• Magnolia tripetata, 38.
• Magnolia umbrella, 38.
• Malva rotundifolia, 90.
• Malva sylvestris, 90.
• Maranta arundinacia, 511.
• Marubium vulgare, 448.
• Maranta cotula, 424.
• Medeola Virginica, 529.
• Medicago lupulina, 176.
• Melanthium Virginic., 527.
• Melia azedarach, 106.
• Melilotus officinalis, 176.
• Melissa officinalis, 440.
• Melothria pendula, 65.
• Menispermum Canad., 376.
• Mentha tenuis, 440.
• Mentha piperita, 440.
• Mercurialis annua, 129.
• Mimosa sensitiva, 197.
• Mitchella repens, 405.
• Monarda punctata, 443.
• Monocera aromatica, 585.
• Monotropa uniflora, 378.
• Morus alba, 280.
• Morus multicaulis, 284.
• Morus rubra, 305.
• Mylocarium, 130.
• Myrica Carolinensis, 316.
• Myrica cerifera, 312.
• Nabalus Fraseri, 435.
• Nepeta cataria, 447.
• Nicotiana tabacum, 473.
• Nymphæa odorata, 35.
• Nyssa aquatica, 347.
• Œnothera biennis, 55.
• Oldenlandia, 407.
• Olea Europea, 490.
• Olea Americana, 493.
• Opuntia vulgaris, 66.
• Orchis, 524.

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  Page xxiv

• Orobanche Virginiana, 462.
• Orobanche Amer., 462, 463.
• Orobanche uniflora, 462.
• Orontium aquaticum, 544.
• Oryza sativa, 578.
• Osmunda regalis, 591.
• Ostrya Virginica, 233.
• Ostrya carpinus, 233.
• Oxalis acetosella, 139.
• Oxalis violacea, 140.
• Oxalis acetosella, 139.
• Oxalis corniculata, 140.
• Oxalis furcata, 140.
• Oxycoccus, 383.
• Panax quinquefolium, 48.
• Pancratium maratim., 522.
• Pancratium Carolinian. 522
• Panicum dactylon, 565.
• Panicum Italicum, 565.
• Passiflora lutea, 77.
• Passiflora incarnata, 77.
• Papaver somnifer., 23, 25.
• Papaver somnifer., alba, 25
• Peltandra Virginica, 542.
• Phleum pratense, 565.
• Physalis viscosa, 473.
• Physalis obscura, 473.
• Physalis pubescens, 473.
• Phytolacca decandra, 365.
• Pinckneya pubens, 404.
• Pinus nigra, 505.
• Pinus australis, 495.
• Pinus glabra, 506.
• Pinus balsamea, 506.
• Pinus balsamifera. 506.
• Pinus canadensis, 506.
• Pinus palustris, 495, 504.
• Pinus rigida, 504.
• Pinus strobus, 505.
• Pinus tæda, 506.
• Piscidia erythrina, 175.
• Pisum sativum, 194.
• Plantago major, 436.
• Plantago lanceolata, 437.
• Poa, 585.
• Poa, compressa, 585.
• Poa, pratensis, 585.
• Podophyllum peltatum, 21, 601.
• Polygala senega, 85.
• Polygala paucifolia, 87.
• Polygala polygama, 87.
• Polygala sanguinea, 87.
• Polygonum punctatum, 370.
• Polygonum aviculare, 372.
• Polygonum convolvul., 373.
• Polygonum fagopyrum, 373.
• Polygonum hydropiper. 370.
• Polygonum polygama, 372.
• Polygonum parvifolia, 372.
• Polygonum scandens, 373.
• Polygonum tinctorium, 179
• Polygonum hydropiper, 370
• Polygonatum biflorum, 534.
• Polygonatum pubesc., 534.
• Polygonatum multiflo., 534.
• Populus alba, 343.
• Populus heteroph., 344, 413
• Portulacea oleracea, 131.
• Potentilla canadensis, 140.
• Potentilla reptans? 140.
• Prenanthes alba, 435.
• Prinos verticillatus, 389.
• Prinos glaber, 390.
• Prunella vulgaris, 446.
• Prunus Virginiana, 169.
• Prunus Caroliniana, 171.
• Psoralea esculenta, 177.
• Pteris aquilina, 590.
• Pterocaulon pycnost., 419.
• Puccinia, 598.
• Punica granatum, 58.
• Pyrethrum, 362.
• Pyrola maculata, 377.
• Pyrola umbellata, 378.
• Pyrola rotundifolia, 378.
• Pyrus coronaria, 149.
• Pyrus malus, 149.
• Pyrus cydonia, 149.
• Pyrus Americana, 167, 168.
• Quercus tinctoria, 238.
• Quercus alba, 287.
• Quercus falcata, 239, 256.
• Quercus montana, 263.
• Quercus prinos, 264.
• Quercus rubra, 262.
• Quercus virens, 263.
• Quercus suber, 264.
• Ranunculus sceleratus, 18.
• Ranunculus repens. 19.
• Ranunculus phragmites, 16.
• Rheum palmatum, 373.
• Rheum emodii, 373.
• Rhexia, glabella, 57.
• Rhizophora mangle, 55.
• Rhododendron maxim., 380
• Rhododendron punctat. 381
• Rhus toxicodendron, 200; see Sumach, for antidote, 201, 273.
• Rhus coriaria, 209.
• Rhus copallina, 207.
• Rhus glabra, 202.
• Rhus pumila, 208.
• Rhus radicans, 200.
• Rhus typnina, 203, 208.
• Rhus vernix, 206.
• Rhus venenata, 206.
• Rhyncosia tomentosa, 193.
• Ricinus communis, 111.
• Robinia pseudacacia, 188.
• Robinia viscosa, 193.
• Robinia hispida, 189.
• Rubia tinctorium, 406.
• Rubia Brownii, 406.
• Rubus villosus, 140.
• Rubus occidentalis, 144.
• Rubus trivialis, 141.
• Ruellia, strepens, 462.
• Rumex crispus, 368.
• Rumex acetosella, 368.
• Rumex Britannicus, 370.
• Rumex sanguineus, 370.
• Rumex acetosa, 369.
• Rumex obtusifolius, 370.
• Rumex divaricatus, 370.
• Sabal adansonii, 527.
• Sabal pumila, 527.
• Sabbatia angularis, 479.
• Sabbatia gracilis, 480.
• Sabbatia stellaris, 480.
• Saccharum officinarum, 577.
• Sagittaria sagittif., 57, 536.
• Sagittaria latifolia, 536.
• Salicornia herbacea, 361, 594
• Salix nigra, 334.
• Salix viminalis, 337.
• Salix caprea, 336.
• Salix purpurea, 335.
• Salix triandra, 336.
• Salix alba, 334.
• Salix nigra, 187.
• Salix babilonica, 343.
• Salsola soda, 133, 359.
• Salsola kali, 133, 359.
• Salsola Caroliniana, 133.
• Salvia lyrata, 442.
• Salvia officinalis, 442.
• Sambucus canaden., 30, 408.
• Samolus valerandi, 385.
• Sanguinaria canadensis, 30, 599, 601.
• Sanicula Marylandica, 42.
• Sapindus marginatus, 83, 133.
• Saponaria officinalis, 132.
• Sarracenia variolaris, 53.
• Sarracenia flava, 53.
• Sarothra, 79.
• Sassafras officinale, 350.
• Saururus cernuus, 334.
• Schoenolerion Michauxii, 532.
• Schrankia uncinata, 197.
• Schrankia angustata, 197.
• Schubertia, 508.
• Scirpus maritimus, 588.
• Scirpus macrostachyus, 588.
• Scirpus palustris, 589.
• Scrofularia Marylandica, 465.
• Scrofularia nodosa, 465.
• Scutellaria integrifolia, 447
• Scutellaria lateriflora, 446.
• Senecio aureus, 426.
• Sesamum Indicum, 450.
• Sesamum orientale, 450.
• Shepardia magnoides, 174.
• Sida abutilon, 91.
• Silene Virginica, 131.
• Simaruba glauca, 137.

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  Page xxv

• Sinapis nigra, 72.
• Sisymbrium amphibium, 72.
• Sisymbrium nasturtium, 71.
• Sium nodiflorum, 45.
• Smilax sarsaparilla, 538.
• Smilax caduca, 538.
• Smilax glauca, 538.
• Smilax herbacea, 539.
• Smilax ovata, 539.
• Smilax pseudochina, 537.
• Smilax tamnoides, 539.
• Solanum Virginianum, 471.
• Solanum lycopersicum, 472.
• Solanum Carolinense, 470.
• Solanum mammosum, 470.
• Solanum dulcamara, 470.
• Solanum nigrum, 468.
• Solanum tuberosum, 471.
• Solidago odora, 416.
• Solidago sempervirens, 417.
• Solidago canadensis, 417.
• Solidago procera, 417.
• Sonchus oleraceus, 436.
• Sorghum vulgare, 567.
• Sorghum saccharatum, 567.
• Sorbus Americana, 168.
• Sorbus aucuparia, 168.
• Sorbus microcarpa, 167.
• Spartina glabra, 582.
• Spartina juncea, 582.
• Sparganium ramosum, 545.
• Sparganium Americanum, 545.
• Spergula arvensis, 135, 561.
• Spigelia Marylandica, 481.
• Spiræa trifoliata, 146.
• Spiræa opulifolia, 147.
• Spiræa stipulacea, 146.
• Spiræa tomentosa, 146.
• Spirodelia polyrhiga, 548.
• Staphylea trifolia, 130.
• Statice limonium, 360, 437.
• Statice Caroliniana, 361, 437.
• Stellaria media, 136.
• Stillingia sylvatica, 121.
• Stillingia sebifera, 122.
• Styrax, 389.
• Swietenia mahogoni, 87.
• Symplocarpus foetidus, 544.
• Symplocas tinctoria, 389.
• Tanacetum vulgare, 425.
• Taraxacum densleonis, 428.
• Tephrosia Virginiana, 187.
• Thea viridis, 104.
• Thlaspium bursapastoris, 70
• Thuja occidentalis, 507.
• Thymus vulgaris, 444.
• Tilia glabra, 103.
• Tilia Americana, 103.
• Tilia Europea, 103.
• Tillandsia usneoides, 524.
• Tricodium perennans, 581.
• Trifolium pratense, 177.
• Trifolium arvense, 177.
• Trifolium reflexum, 177.
• Trifolium repens, 177.
• Trillium sessile, 530.
• Triosteum perfoliatum, 407.
• Triosteum angustifolium, 407.
• Tripterella coerulea, 523.
• Triticum, 583.
• Triticum, repens, 561.
• Typha latifolia, 57, 544.
• Ulmus fulva, 310.
• Ulmus alata, 311.
• Ulmus Americana, 311.
• Uredo segetum, 598.
• Uredo fetida, 598.
• Urtica urens, 268.
• Urtica nivea, 272.
• Urtica dioica, 270.
• Urtica pumila, 273.
• Utricularia inflata, 577.
• Uvaria triloba, 41.
• Uvularia perfoliata, 534.
• Uvularia sessiliflora, 535.
• Vaccinium arboreum, 168, 384.
• Vaccinium macrocarp., 383.
• Valeriana scandens, 462.
• Valeriana pauciflora, 462.
• Veratrum viride, 528.
• Veratrum parvifolium, 529.
• Veratrum album, 528.
• Veratrum angustif., 529.
• Verbascum thapsus, 463.
• Verbascum blattaria, 464.
• Verbascum lychnites, 464.
• Verbena urticifolia, 208, 450.
• Verbena aubletia, 450.
• Verbena hastata, 450.
• Verbesina Virginica, 419.
• Vernonia angustifolia, 409.
• Veronica officinalis, 466.
• Veronica anagallis, 468.
• Veronica peregrina, 467.
• Veronica Virginica, 467.
• Vicia sativa, 194.
• Vitis, 213, et seq.
• Vitis, bipinnata, 212.
• Vitis, labrusca, æstivalis, etc. 214, et seq.
• Viola tricolor, 76.
• Viola arvensis, 75.
• Viola cucullata, 76.
• Viola palmata, 76.
• Viola pedata, 75.
• Virgilia lutea, 175.
• Viscum verticillatum, 63.
• Xanthium strumarium, 419.
• Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, 21.
• Xanthoxylum American. 136
• Xanthoxylum Carolinianum, 137.
• Xanthoxylum clava Herculis, 136.
• Xanthoxylum fraxineum, 136.
• Xanthoxylum ramiflorum, 136.
• Xanthoxylum tricarpum, 137.
• Yucca filamentosa, 350.
• Zamia integrifolia, 512.
• Zea mays, 548.
• Zizania aquatica, 580.
• Zostera marina, 547.

WORKS CONSULTED, AND ABBREVIATIONS USED.

        

WORKS.	ABBREVIATIONS.
Catalogus Plantarum Angliæ, cum Observationibus et Experimentis Novis Medicis et Physicis. Londini, 1667. Auct. Johannes Ray.	Cat. Plantarum.
English Physician. By Nicholas Culpepper, gent., "Student in Physic and Astrology." "An Astrologo-Physiological Discourse on Vulgar Herbs," etc.	Culp. Eng. Phys.
Bulliard, Histoire des Plantes Vénéneuses de la France, 4 vols. Paris, 1774.	Bull. Plantes Vén, de France.
Hortus Americanus. By Dr. Barham.	Bar. Hort. Amer.
Linnæus, Vegetable Mat. Medica, Translated by C. Whitlaw.	Linn. Veg. M. Med.
Démonstrations Élémentaire de Botanique. Containing elem., veg., phys. properties, and uses of plants. With much information concerning the vegetable veterinary practice, etc. By J. Gillibert, Lyons, 1787.	Dém. Élém. de Bot.
Plantæ Rariores Hibernia Inventæ, etc. With Remarks on the Properties and Uses. By Walter Wade, M. D. M. L. S. Dublin, 1804.	Wade's Pl. Rariores.
Le Médecin Hérboriste. Paris, 1802.	Le Méd. Hérb.
New Med. Discoveries, 2 vols. London, 1829. By C. Whitlaw.	Whitlaw's New Disc.
Am. Herbal, or Materia Medica. With New Medical Discoveries. By Samuel Stearns, LL. D. Walpole, 1801.	Stearns' Am. Herbal.
Flora Scotica. By John Lightfoot. Edinburgh.	Fl. Scotica.
Indigenous Botany. By Colin Milne, LL. D., and Alexander Gordon. London, 1793.	Milne Ind. Bot.
A New Family Herbal: or, an Account of Plants and their Properties in Medicine and the Arts. By R. J. Thornton. London, 1810.	Thornton's Fam. Herb.
Lindley's Natural System of Botany. With the Uses of Important Species in Medicine, the Arts, and Domestic Economy, London, 1836.	Lind. Nat. Syst. Bot.
Medical Botany. By W. Woodville, 4 vols. London, 1790. Sec. edition, 1800.	Woodv. Med. Bot.
Barton's Med. Botany.	Bart. M. Bot.
W. P. Barton's Flora. Philadelphia, 1823.	Bart. Flora.
Rafinesque's Medical Flora.	Raf. Med. Fl.
Bigelow's Am. Medical Botany, 4 vols. Boston, 1820.	Big. Am. Med. Bot.
Barton's Collection towards the Formation of a Materia Medica.	Barton's Collec.

        

Medical Botany. With the Uses of Important Species in Medicine, the Arts, etc. By R. E. Griffith. Philadelphia, 1847.	Griffith's Med. Bot.
Illustrations of Medical Botany. By Joseph Carson, M. D. With Descriptions, etc. Philadelphia, 1847.	Carson's Illust. Med. Bot.
Shecut's Flora Carolinæensis; or, a History, Medical and Economical, of the Vegetable Kingdom. Charleston, 1806.	Shec. Flora Carol.
Elliott's Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. With Medical Notes. Charleston, 1806.	Ell. Bot. Med. Notes.
Drayton's View of South Carolina. Charleston, 1802.	Drayton's View.
Chalmer's History of South Carolina.	Chalmer's Hist. S.C.
Garden's and Lining's Observations, Physical and Literary.	Gard. and Lin. Obs.
Travels in South and North Carolina. By John Lawson, Surveyor-General, 1716.	Lawson's S. C.
United States Dispensatory. By Wood and Bache. Philadelphia. 1847.	U. S. Disp.
Thacher's United States Dispensatory.	Thacher's U. S. Disp.
American Dispensatory. By R. Coxe.	Coxe, Am. Disp.
Bergii Materia Medica. E. regno vegetabili, etc.--Stockholmiæ, 1782.	Bergii, Mat. Med.
Cullen's Materia Medica. Edinburgh.	Cullen, Mat. Med.
Lewis' Materia Medica, 2 vols. London, 1791.	Le. Mat. Med.
Pereira's Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 2 vols.	Pe. Mat. Med. and Therap.
Practical Dictionary of Materia Medica. By John Bell. Philadelphia.	Bell's Pract[.] Dict.
Eberle's Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1834.	Eberle, Mat. Med.
Edwards and Vavasseur's Matière Médicale. Paris, 1836.	Ed. and Vav. Mat. Méd.
Trousseau et Pidoux, Traité de Thérapeutique, et de Matière Médicale. Paris, 1837.	Trous. et Pid. Mat. Méd.
Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. By H. R. Frost, Prof. M. M. South Carolina Medical College.	Frost's Elems. Mat. Med.
Chapman's Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1822.	Chap. Therap. and Mat. Med.
Ballod and Garrod's Materia Medica. London, 1846.	Ball. and Gar. Mat. Med.
Royle's Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Philadelphia, 1847.	Royle, Mat. Med.
Mérat and de Len's Dictionnaire Univ. de Matière Médicale. Paris, 1837, tom. vi.	Mér. and de L. Dict. de M. Méd.
Supplementary volume to the above. Paris, 1846.	Supplem. to Dict. Univ. de M. Med.
Watson's Practice of Physic. Second American Edition. Philadelphia, 1845.	Watson's Pract. Physic.
Southern Agriculturist. Charleston, 1820, '39.	So. Agricult.
Matson's Vegetable Practice. 1839.	Matson's Veg. Pract.
Imp. System Botanical Medicine. By Horton Howard.	Imp. Syst. Bot. Med.

        Pharmacopoeias, Journals, Reviews, Monographs, Inaugural Theses, etc., both American and foreign.

        The Principles of Agriculture, by Albert D. Thaër, translated by William Shaw, Esq., member of the council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, etc., and C. W. Johnson, Esq., F. R. S. 4th Edition. New York, Bangs, Brother & Co., 1852.

        Flora of the Southern United States, containing abridged descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, arranged according to the natural system, by A. W. Chapman, M. D. The ferns by Daniel C. Eaton. New York, 1860.

        Rural Economy, in its relations with chemistry, physics, and meteorology, or chemistry applied to agriculture, by J. B. Boussingault, member of Institute of France, etc. Translated by George Law, Agriculturist. New York, C. M. Saxton, 1857.

        Saxton's Rural Hand Books. New York, 1852.

        Thornton's Southern Gardener, and Receipt Book. Camden, S. C.

        Enquire Within; 3,700 facts. New York, 1857.

        The Fruit Gardener. Philadelphia, 1847.

        Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. New York, 1858.

        The Southern Farmer and Market Gardener, by Prof. F. S. Holmes, Charleston, S. C.

        The Art of Manufacturing Soaps and Candles. By P. Kurten. Philadelphia, Lindsay & Blakiston, 1854.

        Industrial Resources of the South and West, by J. D. B. DeBow. New Orleans, 1853.

        Sorgho and Imphee, the Chinese and African Sugar Canes, by H. S. Olcott. New York, 1857.

        Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. From 4th English edition. New York, 1853.

        A New Family Herbal, or popular account of the natures and properties of the plants used in Medicine, Diet, and the Arts, by R. J. Thornton, M. D. London, 1810.

        Chemistry applied to Agriculture, by Count John Antony Chaptal. Boston, 1835.

        Chemical Field Lectures, by J. A. Stockhardt. Translated from German. Cambridge, 1853.

        A Muck Manual, by Samuel L. Dana. New York, 1858.

        The Fruit Garden. A Treatise by P. Barry. New York, 1857.

        Practical Treatise on Culture of Grape, by J. Fiske Allen. New York, 1858.

        Charlton on Culture of Exotic Grape under Glass. New York, 1853.

        Elements of Scientific Agriculture, by S. P. Norton, Professor in Yale College, New York, 1854.

        A Manual of Scientific and Practical Agriculture, for the School and the Farm, by J. L. Campbell, A. M., Professor Physical Science, Washington College, Va. Philadelphia, 1859.

        The American Grape Grower's Guide, intended especially for the climate of America. Illustrated by William Charlton. New York, A. O. Moore, 1859. For full description of best modes of cultivating the grape.

        Sorgho and Imphee, the Chinese and African Sugar Canes. Manufacture of sugar, syrup, alcohol, wines, beer, cider, vinegar, starch, and dye stuffs, with translations of French Pamphlets, etc., etc., and drawing of machinery, by H. S. Olcott. New York, A. O. Moore, 1857.

        Patent Office Reports, Agriculture, 1848, '51, '53, '54, '55, '56, '57, '58.

        Rural Chemistry, by Edward Solly, F. L. S., Honorary Member of Royal Agricultural Society, England. Philadelphia, Henry C. Baird, 1852.

        The Rural Cyclopædia, or a General Dictionary of Agriculture, and of the Arts, Sciences, Instruments, and Practice necessary to the Farmer, etc. Edited by Rev. Jno. M. Wilson. In four volumes. Edinburgh, 1852, A. Fullarton.

        General Directions for Collecting and Drying Medicinal Substances, with a list of Indigenous Plants. From the Surgeon-General's office, 1862. Richmond. A pamphlet.

        The following works, published in England, may be referred to in case any are desirous of consulting them:

        Miller's Gardener's Dictionary, Marshall on Planting, Nichols' Planter's Calendar, Pontey's Profitable Planter, Phillips' Shrubbery, Treatise on Planting in the Library of Useful Knowledge, Loudon's Encyclopædia of Plants, Accum on the Adulterations of Food, Babbage on the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Thompson's Vegetable Chemistry, Knapp's Technology, Willich's Domestic Encyclopædia. See, also, Treatise by Dr. J. Harris, of Mass., on Insects injurious to Vegetation, and Townsend Glover's papers on same subject in Patent Office Reports.

        Those interested in obtaining foreign seeds, plants, etc., can obtain them by applying to James Carter & Co., and Butler & McCulloch, of London; William Thompson, of Ipswich, England; and Vilmorin, Andreux & Cie., Paris, France.

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS
FOR
COLLECTING AND DRYING MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF
THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING.

        All leaves, flowers, and herbs should be preferably gathered in clear, dry weather, in the morning, after the dew is exhaled.

        The roots of medicinal plants, although more advantageously gathered at certain periods, to be hereafter specified, do not lose their medicinal virtues in consequence of being dug in mid-summer. It is probable that most of those imported are thus collected by savages or ignorant persons, when the plant is in full leaf, it being then more easily recognized.

        PLANTS, ANNUAL, should be gathered at the time when their vegetation is most vigorous, which is generally from the time they begin to flower until their leaves begin to change.

        PLANTS, BIENNIAL, should, in most instances, be gathered in the second season of their growth, and about the time of flowering.

        ROOTS OF ANNUALS are to be gathered just before the time of flowering.

        ROOTS OF BIENNIALS are to be gathered after the vegetation of the first year has ceased.

        ROOTS OF PERENNIALS are to be gathered in the spring, before vegetation has commenced. Roots should be washed, and the smaller fibres, unless they are the part employed, should be then separated from the body of the root, which, when of any considerable size, is to be cut in slices previous to being dried.

        BULBS are to be gathered after the new bulb is perfected, and before it has begun to vegetate, which is at the time the leaves decay. Those which are to be preserved fresh should be buried in dry sand.

        BARKS, whether of the root, trunk, or branches, should be gathered in the autumn, or early in the spring. The dead epidermis or outer bark, and the decayed parts, should be removed. Of some trees (as the elm) the inner bark only is preserved.

        LEAVES are to be gathered after their full development, before the fading of the flowers. The leaves of biennials do not attain their perfect qualities until the second year.

        FLOWERS should, in general, be gathered at the time of their expansion, before or immediately after they have fully opened; some--as the Rosa Gallica--while in bud.

        AROMATIC HERBS are to be gathered when in flower.

        STALKS AND TWIGS should be collected in autumn.

        SEEDS should be collected at the period of their full maturity.

DIRECTIONS FOR DRYING.

        Medicinal products of the vegetable kingdom (as plants, roots, etc.) should be dried as rapidly as is consistent with their perfect preservation, but not subjected to extreme heat.

        Those collected in the warm months and during dry weather may, except in a few instances, be dried by their spontaneous

evaporation, in a well ventilated apartment; some--as roots and barks--may be exposed to the direct rays of the sun.

        In spring and autumn, and in damp, foggy, or rainy weather, a drying-house should be resorted to; the temperature to range from 70° to 100° F. There should be an aperture above for the escape of warm, moist air.

        FIBROUS ROOTS may be dried in the sun, or at a heat of from 65° to 80° F. in the drying-room.

        FLESHY ROOTS should be cut in transverse slices, not exceeding half an inch in length, and during the drying process should be stirred several times to prevent their moulding.

        BULBS must have the coarse outer membrane peeled off. In other respects they are to be treated like fleshy roots.

        BARKS, WOODS and TWIGS readily dry, in thin layers, in the open air.

        LEAVES, after separation from the stalks, should be strewed loosely over hurdle-frames, and their position changed twice a day, until they become dry. When very succulent, they require more care to prevent their discoloration. For thin, dry leaves, the heat need not exceed 70° F.; for the succulent, it may gradually be raised to 100° F.

        ANNUAL PLANTS AND TOPS.--If not too juicy, these may be tied loosely in small bundles, and strung on lines stretched across the drying-room.

        FLOWERS must be dried carefully and rapidly, so as to preserve their color. They should be spread loosely on the hurdles, and turned several times by stirring. When flowers or leaves owe their virtues to volatile oils, greater care is necessary.

        A carefully pressed specimen of the stem, leaf, and flower of each medicinal substance collected, whether it be bark, root, or

herb, should be obtained and forwarded with each collection, for the purpose of aiding in its identification. From "General Directions" and List of Plants--a pamphlet issued from Surgeon-General's Office, 1862. Consult, also, U. S. Dispensatory.

        The two following papers, contributed by the writer to a periodical during the present war, are introduced before entering upon the systematic portion of the work, because they contain information, in a condensed shape, which may be practically useful: