<emph>Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs:</emph> Electronic Edition.

]> <emph>Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs:</emph> Electronic Edition. Porcher, Francis Peyre, 1825-1895 Funding from the Institute of Museum and Library Services supported the electronic publication of this title. Text transcribed by Apex Data Services, Inc. Images scanned by Bryan Sinche Text encoded by Lee Ann Morawski and Natalia Smith First edition, 2000 ca. 1,440K Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000.

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Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs Porcher, Francis Peyre, Surgeon P. A. C. S. xxv, 601 p., ill. CHARLESTON: STEAM-POWER PRESS OF EVANS & COGSWELL, No. 3 Broad Street. 1863. Call number 3041 Conf. (Rare Book Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

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Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21st edition, 1998 English Botany, Economic -- Southern States. Botany, Economic -- Confederate States of America. Botany, Medical -- Southern States. Botany, Medical -- Confederate States of America. Medicinal plants -- Southern States. Medicinal plants -- Confederate States of America. Botany -- Southern States. Botany -- Confederate States of America. Materia medica, Vegetable -- Southern States. Materia medica, Vegetable -- Confederate States of America. Medicine, Military -- Confederate States of America. Confederate States of America -- Armed Forces -- Medical car United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Medical care. 2000-10-13, Celine Noel and Wanda Gunther revised TEIHeader and created catalog record for the electronic edition. 2000-09-21, Natalia Smith, project manager, finished TEI-conformant encoding and final proofing. 2000-09-14, Lee Ann Morawski finished TEI/SGML encoding 2000-07-25, Apex Data Services, Inc. finished transcribing the text.

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RESOURCES OF THE Southern fields and forests, MEDICAL, ECONOMICAL, AND AGRICULTURAL. BEING ALSO A MEDICAL BOTANY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES; WITH PRACTICAL INFORMATION ON THE USEFUL PROPERTIES OF THE TREES, PLANTS, AND SHRUBS. BY FRANCIS PEYRE PORCHER, SURGEON P. A. C. S. PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL, RICHMOND, VA. CHARLESTON: STEAM-POWER PRESS OF EVANS & COGSWELL, No. 3 BROAD STREET. 1863. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by FRANCIS PEYRE PORCHER, M. D., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Confederate States, for the District of Charleston, South Carolina. PRINTED BY EVANS & COGSWELL, NO. 3 BROAD STREET, CHARLESTON, S. C. PREFACE. MEDICINAL AND USEFUL PLANTS AND TREES OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES—INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED.

The following paper is prepared by direction of the Surgeon-General, for which purpose the author was released temporarily from service in the field and hospital.

It is intended as a repertory of scientific and popular knowledge as regards the medicinal, economical, and useful properties of the trees, plants, and shrubs found within the limits of the Confederate States, whether employed in the arts, for manufacturing purposes, or in domestic economy, to supply a present as well as a future want. Treating specially of our medicinal plants and of the best substitutes for foreign articles of vegetable origin, my aim has been to spare no exertions, compatible with the limits assigned me, to make it applicable as well to the requirements of the Surgeon as of the Planter and Farmer; and I trust that after the war shall have ceased there will still be no diminution in the desire of every one to possess a source from whence his curiosity may be satisfied on matters pertaining to our useful plants. The Regimental Surgeon in the field, the Physician in his private practice, or the Planter on his estate may themselves collect and apply these substances within their reach, which are frequently quite as valuable as others obtained from abroad, and either impossible to be procured or scarce and costly. But information scattered through a variety of sources must needs be first collected to be available in any practical point of view.

I have, therefore, inserted whatever I thought would throw light upon the vegetable productions of the Confederate States, to enable every one to use the ample material within his reach. I have searched through the various catalogues and systematic works on botany, and noticed in almost every instance the habitat and precise locality of plants, that each one may be apprised of the proximity of valuable species.

Catalogues of the trees and plants growing in special localities thus become of great service, as they indicate precisely where valuable species may be procured. Those interested may obtain the localities of many plants found in the Confederate States by consulting Elliott's Botany, Darby's, and the recent work by Chapman, of Florida, “The Flora of the Southern United States.” Among the catalogues issued at the South are one by Dr. Jno. Bachman of “Plants growing in the vicinity of Charleston,” published in the Southern Agriculturist; one by Prof. Louis R. Gibbes of those found in Richland district, S. C.; “Plants found in the vicinity of Newbern, N. C.,” by H. B. Croom; an unfinished paper, by W. Wragg Smith, Esq., published in the Transactions of the Elliott Society of Charleston; and “A Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the Plants of St. John's, Berkley, S. C.,” by the writer. Also my “Sketch of the Medical Botany of South Carolina,” published in the Transactions of the Am. Med. Association, vol. ii, 1849, and “Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests,” De Bow's Review, August, 1861. The extensive collection in the Charleston Museum by my friend, Mr. H. W. Ravenel, as well as the several publications of himself and Mr. M. A. Curtis, of Hillsborough, N. C., might also be consulted with profit. I have availed myself of Dr. Chapman's work in ascertaining the names of plants added by botanists since the time of Walter and Elliott, and not contained in the catalogues referred to. The plants have been arranged after the Natural system, adopting for the most part the views of Lindley.

The reference to information contained in books*

I take this occasion to express my indebtedness to Col. J. B. Moore, of Stateburg, S. C., for the use of a valuable library of agricultural and chemical books, and for many facilities afforded me in the prosecution of this work; also, to Prof. L. R. Gibbes, for the loan of the catalogues in his possession.

serves the purpose of showing those interested in any production or manufacture where fuller details, which are too long to insert, can be procured. It will be seen from inspecting the list of authorities, that the labor of searching through the large number of medical and other authorities has been very great. I have not hesitated to draw largely from any quarter, appending the name of the author, whenever I thought the matter applicable to our present condition and requirements. Thus, on the subject of the Grape, Vine, Sugar, Sorghum, Tannin, Opium, Flax, Mustard, Castor oil, Oils, Turpentine, Starch, Potash, Soda, Wood for engraving and for domestic purposes, Medicinal substances, etc., I have been profuse in my selections from a multiplicity of sources.

I have avoided more than a cursory mention of the Cryptogamic plants, Fungi, etc., as the space occupied would be too great. I would refer the reader to my paper in the Transactions of the Am. Med. Association, vol. vii, on “The Medicinal, Dietetic, and Poisonous Properties of the Cryptogamic Plants of the United States,” where the subject is treated in extenso, and a description of several hundred useful or poisonous species furnished.

The older as well as the more recent works on the Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Medical Botany—from Johannes Ray and Bergius to Pereira, Griffith, and Stillé—have been consulted. That complete and extensive work, the Dictionnaire de Matière Médicale, by Mérat and De Lens, including the supplementary volume, has been freely translated when necessary. I have also examined the Agricultural journals, the Patent Office Reports, the “Rural Cyclopædia,” edited by Wilson, of Edinburgh, and excerpts from the journals and newspapers of the day, which have since the beginning of the present contest been particularly full in information on the economical resources of our Confederacy. From these I have been carefully collecting.

In our present exigency many topics are approximately introduced which would hardly have place in a strictly medical work.

Information of this kind is generally referred to under subjects with which it is closely allied. Thus, Potash, Ashes, and Soap are classed under “Carya” and “Quercus” (Hickory and Oak), Soda and Soda Soaps under “Salsola” and “Fucus,” Charcoal under “Pinus” and “Salix” (Pine and Willow), Oils under “Sesamum” (Bené), Starch and Arrow-root under “Maranta” and “Convolvulus,” etc., as these plants are characteristically rich in such products. The index, however, will contain full references.

The mode of action of medicinal plants infinitely varies; their selection, consequently, for the several purposes required by the physician is not in my opinion a matter of more accident, the result of guesswork, or of popular reputation. Each is distinguished by the composition of its principal constituents; these are generally astringent principles, narcotics, stimulating vegetable oils, cooling, refrigerant acids, bitter tonics, cathartics, etc., etc. Some, as the Cinchonaceæ and the less active antiperiodics, contain principles still more rarely met with and more obscure in their mode of operation, which have control in warding off the access of malarial attacks. But once in possession of the main active principles furnished by a plant, it is easy to see why it gains credit as a remedy in certain classes of disease. This power it may share in common with many others, and several properties may be combined in various degrees in each, which it is necessary to know, preliminary to a judicious application of them. Many plants, for example, are reputed efficacious in arresting the profluviæ, diarrhoeas, and discharges from the mucous surfaces generally; this should excite no surprise when it is suspected or ascertained that they contain tannin simply. In some others, as in the Uva ursi, for example, the tannin is associated with a stimulating diuretic oil, which further adapts it to the relief of chronic renal affections. So with those which experience teaches us produce a carthartic, emetic, narcotic, sedative, irritant, or vermifuge action on the human system. It is always in virtue of the well known principles they contain that they prove serviceable and are preferred, and chemical analysis subsequently reveals precisely what it is upon which their powers depend. The ignorant, whether credulous or incredulous, know only by memory the name of the plant and the disease which it is said to suit—as in the manner of charlatans and herb doctors.

In a notice by my distinguished friend, W. Gilmore Simms, Esq., of the article in De Bow's Review, by the writer, published in the Charleston Mercury, Sept. 1861, he speaks thus of the preparations necessary to the great issues then at stake:

“Now is the time when all the art and science that we possess, and all the suggestions that we can make, should be put in requisition, to the great end of our sectional independence. Every citizen who thinks himself in possession of a truth or a fact which he deems to be not generally recognized, should make it public—put it to challenge—that it may be subjected to investigation. In this way, and this only, with our ‘Doubts and Queries,’ shall we bring about that searching investigation which will develop our sectional resources.”

He refers in discursive language to the “resources of the Southern fields and forests, the natural productions in brief of the South—her resources in the woods, and swamps, and fields, the earth and rocks; for purposes of need, utility, medicine, art, science, and mechanics; hints to the domestic manufacturer; to the workers in wood and earth; and rock and tree; and shrub and flower; hints, clues, suggestions, which may be turned to the most useful purposes; not merely as expedients during the pressure of war and blockade, but continuously, through all time, as affording profit, use, interest, and employment to our people.”

From an inspection of the large amount of material embraced in this volume it will be seen that our Southern Flora is extraordinarily rich.

It is the teeming product of every variety of soil and climate, from Maryland to Florida, from Tennessee to Texas. The Atlantic slopes with their marine growth, the Mountain ridges of the interior, the almost infra-tropical productions of South Florida, with the rich alluvia of the River courses—all contribute to swell the lists and produce a wonderful exuberance of vegetation. These a bounteous Providence has vouchsafed to a Confederacy of States, starting forth upon their career under new and happier auspices, and with independence and self-reliance forced upon them by an almost sacred necessity.

I here introduce a notice of upwards of four hundred substances, possessing every variety of useful quality. Some will be rejected as useless, others may be found upon closer examination to be still more valuable. The most precious of all Textile Fibres, and Grains, Silks, Seeds, Oils, Gums, Caoutchouc, Resins, Dyes, Fecula, Albumen, Sugar, Vegetable Acids, Starch, Liquors, Spirit, Burning Fluid, material for making Paper and Cordage, Barks, Medicines, Wood for Tanning and the production of Chemical Agencies, for Timber, Ship-building, Engraving, Furniture, Implements and Utensils of every description—all abound in the greatest munificence, and need but the arm of the authorities or the energy and enterprise of the private citizen to be made sources of utility, profit, or beauty.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE “RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN FIELDS AND FORESTS.” INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS, AND GENERAL INDEX. Acacia, false, 188. Acacia, rose, 189. Acacia, substitute for, 310, 352; see demulcents. Acetic acid, from pine, 498. Acids, vegetable in plants, 369, 405, 534. Acorn, bearing, to raise, 265 substitute for coffee, 535; for bread, 541. Adam's needles, a substitute for flax and hemp, 531. Adder's tongue, 530. Agaric, substitute for, 130; see styptics. Agave, Virginian, 522; Mexican, in Fla., drink from, 522; alcohol and materials for paper from, 522. Agrimony, 145, 271. Albumen, plants yielding, uses of, 92, 42. Alder, 266; for tanning, 267; oil and wine from, 268; black, 389. Alcohol (see Liquors), in grape, 222; from sap of birch, 266; from agave, 522. Ale (see Beer), 279. Algae, 591. Alkaline salts in weeds (see Potash and Soda), 504, 590. Alkanet, 439. Allspice, 199 substitute for, 354. Aloa (see Zostera), a substitute for cotton, 547. Alumina in plants, 266. Alum root, 138. Alteratives, vegetable, 33, 121, 385, 419, 428, 429, 437, 460, 465, 528, 537, 538, 591. Ambrosia, 419. American arbor vitæ, 507. American centaury, 479. American colombo, 480. American cranberry, 383. American hemlock, 44. American olive, 493. American orchard grass, 587. American spearmint, 440. American silver fir, 576. American spikenard, 51. Ammonia, plants yielding, 80, 364, 474. Amulet, plant used as, 437. Amy root, sudorific and alterative, and use in asthma, 483. Anæsthetics, influence on plants, 197; local, 417; singular native, 475. Anemone, 16, 17. Animals, list of plants avoided by, 563; food for, 563. Angelica, 46; tree, 50. Aniseseed tree, 39. Anodyne, (see Narcotics), local, 44, 380, 417. Antimony, substitute for, 486. Antiperiodics, native, 38, 40, 43, 59, 96, 136, 238, 267, 372, 389, 390, 404, 412, 420, 427, 428, 436, 441, 446, 464, 480, 484, 494. Antiscorbutics, sorrel as, 369, 370, 385. Antispasmodics, native, 424, 425, 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 525, 533, 544. Antiseptics, vegetable, 356, 424, 438, 442; powder, 502; sugar as, 569. Anthelmintics, native (see Vermifuge), 22, 106, 362, 481, 404, 448, 527, 587. Aphrodisiacs, native, 440, 443, 410, 470, 524, 546. Apple, 150; cider from, 151; liquor from, 160; wood for printing, 150; to store up, 149; insects on, to prevent, 150; substitute for dried, 65. Apple, May, 77. Aphis on apple and peach, to destroy, 150, 173. Apocyne, 483. Arbor vitæ, for engraving and for hedges, 507, 173. Aromatics, native, 38, 39, 45, 46, 47, 352, 354, 357, 380, 416, 424, 426, 444, 447, 522, 532, 539, 546, 561, 585, 588. Arnica, 426. Arrow-head, 536. Arrow-root, method of preparation and cultivation, 512; Indian, 510; machine for rasping, 513; to dry, 514; to prepare and cultivate on plantations, 515, 536. Artichoke, 420, 417; cultivation and uses, 421; burr, 428. Arum, 542. Asarin, 357. Ash, 168, 167, 494. Ashes, strength of and yield, 259; Potash, etc., in, 260; use in soap making, 259, 326, 333, 590. Asafoetida, substitute for, 424. Asparagus (see Salads), 535, 175; subst. for, 275, 488, 535, 537, 538; subst. for coffee, to prepare, 535. Asparagine, 537, 535. Aster, 414. Astragalus, 177. Astringents, native, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35, 58, 59, 71, 109, 138, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 193, 199, 200, 201 to 208, 237, 238, 239, 257, 262, 266, 269, 271, 316, 345, 368, 369, 370, 372, 380, 384, 387, 388, 389, 390, 415, 416, 424, 436, 437, 438, 439, 441, 444, 447, 463, 467, 522, 545, 590, 591. Atamasco lily, 522. Avens, white, 145. Ayer's Cherry Pectoral, 600. Bald cypress, 508. Balm, 440; of Gilead tree, 506. Baling cotton, wood for, 325. Bands for cotton bales, 325. Balsam, tree, 130; balsam plants yielding, 506, 507, 509. Barbe de capucin, 433. Barley, liquor from, 164. Barberry, 51. Barilla, plants yielding, 133, 360 (see potash); to manufacture from fuci, 593. Barks, to dry, 5; for cordage 103; see fibre, yielding tannin (see Quercus), 241, et seq. Barometer, natural, 136, 177, 384, 590. Bastard alkanet, 438. Baskets, material for making, 62, 63, 380; to prepare, 339. Bass wood, 103. Bay, singular properties ascribed to, 36, 380. Beaver tree, 36; poison, 44. Bear grass, to cultivate and prepare fibre as substitute for hemp, 530, 531. Bee pasture, plants for, 423, 440. Beer, native plants yielding, to make, 195, 276, 279, 280, 353; 421, 479; French army, 353; persimmon, 387; to strengthen, 425; spruce, 507; from China briar, 537; from corn, 552; small, 552. Beech, ashes rich in potash, 236; oil from, 237; leaves for stuffing beds, 237; drops, 462. Beds, material to stuff, 237, 488; see mattresses. Beet, vinegar from, 374; to extract sugar from, 375; cultivation of, 375; to crystallize, 571. Belladonna, substitute for, 470, 477. Bené, oil and mucilage from, 450; substitute for castor and olive oil, 450; to extract, 452. Benzoic acid in plants, 561. Benzoin, 354. Bermuda arrow-root, to prepare, 512; grass, 565. Birch, red, 266; cherry, 265; sweet, 265. Bird, catching, 392; lime, 64, 390; to prepare, 391; to intoxicate, 528. Bitters (see tonics), substitute for, 380, 478, 532, 546. Biting knotweed, 370. Black, alder, 339; oak, 238; gum, 347; drink, 393; walnut, 318; oil from in toothache, 368; spruce, 505, 507; root, 467, 419. Blackberry, 140, 141; wine, to prepare, 141, 142; syrup, 143; cordial, 143; in tanning leather, 242. Blade tea, 548. Bladder nut, 130. Blazing star, 527. Bleaching plants, method, 90. Blistering plaster, substitute for, 16, 17, 18, 19, 397; blistering fly, 16; to collect, 398; see, also, Escharotics. Blood root, 30. Blue flag, as a diuretic in dropsy, 523; tripterella, 523; dyes, to extract, 179, 182; plants yielding, 187, 310, 316. Boats, timber for, 306, 509; bark, 508. Bog rush, 589. Boneset, 410. Books, consulted, 1. Bots, native remedy, 41, 107. Box, 111; boxes, material for packing, 545. Bougie, material for making, 310. Bows, from Osage orange, 103. Brake, 590. Brandy, native material for making, 65; from persimmon, 386. Bread, substitute for, 177; from persimmon, 386; potato, 397, from roots of plants, 541, hygienic, from corn, 549, Indian loaf, 599; from rice, 580. Brewing (see Liquors), 280. Brooklime, 468. Brook pimpernel, 468; weed, 385. Broom rape, 462. Brooms, material for, 266, 508, 526; from doura corn, 566, 567. Brushes, native material for, 526. Buckeye, 84. Buckwheat, substitute for, 373. Buffalo clover, 177 berry tree, 174. Bugle weed, 441. Bulrush, 537. Burdock, 419. Burning fluid, see Oil. Burr, 419 artichoke, 428 Butterfly weed, 485. Butternut, 317. Button, snakeroot, 43, 410; bush, 405. Buttons, native materials for, 65, 84. Byram's plan of cultivation and manufacture of silk, 282. Cabbage tree, 526; palmetto, 526; for forts, wharves, thatch, etc., 526; skunk, 544. Cabinet work, woods suited for, 11, 62, 41, 79, 80, 103, 104, 107, 120, 197, 150, 171, 188, 189, 311, 312, 318, 320, 321, 323, 343, 347, 392, 460, 494, 499, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 590. Cactus, 66. Calabash, 65. Calamus, an aromatic, 545. Calico printing, plants used in, 406; bush, 381. Calomel, substitute for (see Deobstruents and Alteratives), 431, 487 Cake, plants yielding oil, 67, 69, 73, 118, 423. Cammelina, an oil plant, 67. Camphor, plants yielding, 199. Canada, leatherwood, 350; snakeroot, 357; balsam, 506. Canadian collinsonia, 201, 208, 444. Cancer root, 462, 463; weed, 442. Candles, to harden, 66, 501; from myrtle berries, 314; for war times, 500. Cane, and reed, 587; see Chinese and sugar-canes. Cantharis vesic., 397; to collect, 398. Cantharides, substitute for, 16, 19, 28, 40, 131, 176, 350, 510, 424; to prepare from potato fly, 397. Caoutchouc, plant producing, 120, 127, 128, 417, 539; to prepare, 487 (Inuline), 485. Capers, 75; substitute for, 18. Cardinal flower, 404. Carmine ink, substitute for, 367. Carminatives (see Aromatics), 416, 539, 546. Carolina potato, 397; jalap, 397. Carrot, 47. Cartridge-boxes, material for, 349. Casks, cider, 156; material for caulking, 545, 589. Cassia, 196. Cassina, 393. Castor oil plant, mode of cultivation, expression of oil, uses, etc., 112, 114, 115; self-hulling, 117; stearine from, 118; cake for manure, 118. Catechu (see Astringents), 147, 438. Cataleptic power in plant, 447, 483. Cathartic bromus, 587. Cathartics, substitute for, 21, 29, 37, 65, 66, 126, 129, 139, 173, 175, 195, 305, 317, 358, 361, 370, 372, 376, 395, 396, 397, 407, 408, 411, 428, 431, 449, 465, 466, 467, 480, 484, 490, 523, 533, 565, 582, 587. Catnip, 447; cattail, 57, 544; catweed, 426; catfoot, 427. Cattail, as a substitute for cotton, and to stuff mattresses, 544. Caulking, material for, 545. Caustic properties, plants possessing (see Escharotics), 16, 18, 582. Cedar, 507, 510; oil from, 510. Celery, 45. Cement for cisterns, 259. Centaury, Am. 479. Chairs, wood suited for making, 41, 79, 104, 257, 266, 311, 323, 589. Chamomile, wild, 424; substitute for, 424, 425, 60. Champagne, substitute for, 387. Charcoal, qualities of, 241, 339, 497; plants yielding for gunpowder, 267, 273, 339, 340, 362; to prepare, 339, 498; to purify water, 342; to clarify vinegar, 498. Cherokee rose, as hedge plant, 103. Cherry, liquor from, 161, 170; birch, 265; cordial and syrup, 170, 171. Cheese, plants to flavor, 176, 406. Chess, dye from, 587. Chestnut, uses of, 238. Chiccory, cultivation of, and admixture with coffee, uses of, 431. Chickweed, 136, 347, 384. China briar, 537; grass, 272; vegetable to cement, 532. Chinese tea plant, cultivation and preparation, 104. Chinese sugar-cane, sugar, molasses, and syrup from, to manufacture, value of, 567, et seq.; vinegar, paper, and coffee from, 576, 577. Chinquapin, astringency of, 237. Chloroform, substitute for, 44; influence on plants, 197. Cider, manufacture of, 150; from mulberry, 305; persimmon, 387. Cigars, pls. to flavor, 410; pectoral, 422. Circhonine in Georgia, bark, 405; substitute for, 59. Circulation, plants acting on; see Sedatives. Cisterns, cement for, 259. Citric acid, mode of extracting, 108, 306, Cloth from fibre, 272; plants yielding, 484, 488, 489; to render water-proof, 500; from mulberry, 307; plants to wash, 590. Clover, rabbit-foot, 177; buffalo, 177; yellow, 176; red, 177; white, 177. Club rush, 589. Cob, corn, analysis of, 550; potash, lye, and soda, soap from, 551. Cochineal insect, 66, 67. Cockle, 145. Cocoons, method of treating, 280. Coffee, 405; substitute for, 91, 435; from cotton seed, 96; substitute suggested, 177, 407, 195, 196; from potato, 400; from chiccory, 431; Florida, 196; from asparagus, 535; from acorns, 535; from corn, 552; from Chinese sugar-cane, 577; from rice, 580; from wheat, 584. Cohosh, 19. Collinsonia, 445. Colocynth, substitute for, 200, 485. Colombo, American, 480. Colt's-tail, 415. Concentrated lye, to prepare, 259; potash in, 327, 332; from corn, 551. Confederate flax, 531. Conium, substitute for, 44. Consumption weed, 418. Contrayerva, substitute for, 425. Copaiba, substitute for, 378. Copal varnish, plants yielding, 208; Copalm oil and resin, 344. Corn, Indian, oil, sugar, paper, beer, soda, soap, potash, bread, etc. from, 548, et seq; cobs, prod. of, 549; anal. of, 550; as food for horses, 550; soap from shucks, 551; Guinea and doura, 566. Coral, Indian, 538. Cordage, plants yielding, 350, 429, 435, 103, 271, 273; from mulberry, 305; wahoo, 311; golden-rod, 417; Indian hemp, 484; spruce, 507; from bear grass, 530. Cordial, cherry to make, 171; blackberry, 143. Cork, substitute for, 347; tree, 265. Cosmetic, plant used as, 534. Cotton, 93; fibre in surgery, 95; subst. for quinine, 95; substitute for coffee, 96, 544; soap from, 96, 100; gun cotton, 96; to decorticate seed, 97; cotton seed oil and cake, 97; as a manure, 100; wooden slats for baling, 259; recent substitute for, 547; woody fibre unfitted for, 547; microscop. exam. 548. Counter irritants, see Escharotics. Cow-pea, 194. Crab apple, 149. Cranberry, value, cultivation, and preservation of, 383. Cranesbill, 138. Creosote, from pine, 498, 504. Creeping cucumber, 65. Cress, 71; see Salad, Virginian, 67. Croton oil, substitute for, 28. Crow foot, 138. Cryptogamous genera, 589. Cucumber, tree, 38; creeping, 65; Indian, 529. Culpepper, extracts from Nicholas, 37. Cunilla, 445. Currants, 174; wild, 168. Custard, apple, 41. Cutworm, to prevent, 107. Cypress, 508, 509; powder, 543. Cyperus, jointed, 588. Daisy, ox-eyed, 426. Dandelion, 429; substitute for coffee, caoutchouc in, 430. Darnel, bearded, poisonous to wheat, 564. Deadly nightshade, 468. Deafness, plants relieving, 444. Deer-grass, 57. Delirium, caused by plants, 565. Demulcents, native, 35, 76, 176, 310, 345, 352, 390, 418, 436. Dentrifice, vegetable, 368. Deobstruents, 145, 369, 429, 465, 528, 540; see Alteratives. Devil's fig, 28; wood, 493. Dewberry, 141. Diaphoretics, 446. Digitalis, 461; substitute for, 465, 441. Dill, 47. Discutients, native, 78, 334, 537; see Escharotics. Dittany, 445. Diuretics, native, 39, 42, 43, 47, 64, 86, 120, 144, 272, 347, 356, 359, 368, 371, 377, 395, 403, 405, 408, 410, 415, 416, 419, 428, 435, 444, 468, 470, 510, 523, 530, 535, 542, 565. Dock, 368, 370. Dog's-tooth violet, 530. Dog's-bane, 483, 484; pl. vomiting, 588. Dogwood, 59; dog-fennel, 414; tested for tannin, 346; to tan leather, 414. Dollar plant, 193. Doura corn, 566; subst. for wheat, 567. Dragon's blood, 370; root, 540. Dried fruit, substitute for, 65; fig, 309. Drinks from native plants (see Liquors), 23, 157. Duckweed, 21, 548. Dwarf-nettle, 268; milk-weed, 488; palmetto, 527. Dye from native plants, blue, 19, 131, 178, 179, 183, 189, 316, 372, 494, 523, 536; green, 18, 21, 262, 494, 534, 587; yellow, 16, 18, 21, 29, 52, 79, 103, 149, 146, 173, 175, 188, 233, 239, 271, 322, 371, 388, 389, 395, 406, 417, 419, 429; red, 33, 178, 367, 406; black, 55, 80, 122, 204, 210, 240, 316, 319, 386, 442, 484, 494, 310, 598; scarlet, 60, 63, 79; cinnamon, 509, 267; purple, 80, 178, 262, 379; crimson, 367; dove color, 80; brown, 367; drab, 21; saffron, 173; violet, 187; olive, 262; indelible, 367; for bank notes, 598; gold, 308; solferino, 367; straw, 444. Ebony, substitute for, 392. Edible, psoralea, 177; plants (see Salad), 526, 529, 530, 536, 538, 542, 544, 599, 578, 594. Eel grass, recent subst. for cotton, 547. Elain, plants yielding, 547. Elder, 408; spirits from, 409. Elecampane and Inuline in native pl., 417. Elm, slippery, 310. Eggs, rearing silk worm, 291, 297. Emmenagogues, native, 46, 47, 87, 94, 371, 426, 444, 476, 527. Emetic, holly, 393; root, 401. Emetics, native, 20, 29, 31, 42, 50, 57, 65, 85, 126, 127, 139, 147, 175, 267, 350, 365, 372, 401, 403, 407, 408, 411, 427, 444, 447, 448, 450, 465, 467, 480, 483, 484, 488, 489, 522, 528, 532, 533, 539. Emollient plants; see Mucilaginous. Endive, 431; substitute for, 433. Engraving, wood for, see wood, ink for from fuci, 598. Ergot, cotton seed a substitute, 94. Errhines, 358, 379, 381, 528. Escharotics, native, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 31, 33, 43, 74, 77, 79, 120, 121, 128, 139, 168, 201, 350, 366, 424, 471, 482, 486, 510, 523, 536, 541, 582, 585. Essence of flowers to extract, 461. Evaporation, singular, in sunflower, 422. Expectorants, 486. Experiments with nettle (Urtica) to check bleeding, 269; with leaves of plants for tannin, 346. Eye-bright, 128, 401. Fagine from beech, 235. False acacia, 188. Fans from palmetto, 527. Farcle berry, 384. Febrifuge; see Antiperiodics and Quinine. Fecundation in plants, 166. Fennel, 46. Fermentation, process of, 158, 165, 234. Ferns, 589; royal, 591. Fescue grass, value for swards, 586; for materials for hats, 586. Fetid plants, 544. Fever root, 407; bush, 354; weed, 43. Fever and ague, Dutch remedy for, 61. Fibre, use of cotton in surgery, 95; plants yielding useful, 68, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 272, 273, 274, 276, 417, 484, 489, 522, 524, 531, 582; substitute for cotton, exam., 547. Fibrine in plants, 41. Fig tree, 308; vinegar from, 308; molasses from, 309; method of drying, 309, blue and red color from, 309, 310; devil's, 28. Fiorin, for wet meadows, 563. Fir, silver, 505, 506. Fish, plants stupefying, 84, 175, 464; food for, 585. Fit root, 378. Flag, blue, 523; as a diuretic and cathartic, 523; sweet, 545. Flax, cultivation and preparation of, oil from, 88; subst. for, 423, 582; mountain, 85; water, 548. Flea bane, 415. Flesh, antiseptics for, 356. Flies, plants hostile to, see Insects. Flowerless plants, 589. Flowering fern, 591. Flowers to collect and dry, 7; oil of, to collect, 461, 466. Fly, poison, 527; trap, examined, 53. Fodder, prepare, 550. Food, pl. to supply dur'g scarcity of, 541. Formulæ for native pl., 599. Forty knot, 359. Foxglove, 465. Frankincense, 200, 506. Fringe tree, 494. Frost root, 415. Fuci, iodine and kelp to man'f, 592, 593. Fuel, excellent material for, 421. Fumitory, 33. Fungi, subterranean, 599; edible, cultivation, uses, etc., 594; parasitical, 598. Gall of the earth, 435. Gallic acid (see Astringents), 20, 202, 203. Gamboge, substitute for, 29. Garlic, 531; wild, 532. Gelseminine, 461. Gentian, 478; subst. for hops, 387, 479, comp. tr., 546. Georgia bark, subst. for quinine, 404. Geranium, 138. Ginger, substitute for, 357. Ginseng, 48. Glasswort, 361. Glass, vegetable cement for, 532; plan to make, 591. Glue, substitute for, 149, 150, 525. Gluten from wheat, to manufacture, 583; plant yielding, 583. Goat's rue, 187. Gold of pleasure, as an oil plant, 67. Golden, cassia, 196; granadilla, 23; club, 544; rod, 416, 417; seal, 18. Gourd, 65. Grape, native, cultivation, wine from, 213, et seq.; rot in, 218; varieties, 229. Grasses, best varieties, 561, et seq. Grass, eel, recent subst. for cotton, 547; best cultivated for food and pasture, 561, et seq.; benzoic acid in, 561; to procure a double crop 562; avoided by animals, 563; timothy, 565; period to cut, 565; poisonous, 564; sugar in, 562; couch, 561; best for hay, 562; to prevent encroachment of water, 562; lime, 562; Bermuda, 565; vomiting dogs, 565; Walter's, 581; marsh, 582; reed bent, 582; true blue, 585; meadow, 585; fescue, 586; Am. orchard, 587; nutgrass, 588. Ground-nut, 194; oil from, 195, 423. Ground cherry, 473. Guaiacum, substitute for, 111, 137. Guano, substitute for, 504. Guinea corn, value of, 566; brooms from 566. Gulver root, 467. Gum, resembling honey, 418; plants exuding, 466; Arabic, subst. for, 149, 173, 525; sour, 347; sweet, 344; leaves recommended in place of oak bark in tanning, 345; black, 347. Gun, powder, native wood for making, 61, 267, 273, 338, 339, 362; stocks, wood for, 320, 323. Hæmastatic virtues of nettle, 268; see styptics. Hair tonic, vegetable, 17. Hardhack, 146. Harvest drink, 166. Hats, plants for making, 343, 526, 544, 586. Hazel nut, 234. Hay, substitute for, and securing of, 551; best grasses for, 562, 586. Healall, 446. Heartsease, 76. Heat evolved by plants, 541, 544. Hedges, plants for making, 148, 172, 102, 189, 195, 235, 508. Hedge mustard, 71; hyssop, 465. Hellebore, white, 528. Hemlock, spruce, 506; American, 44. Hemp, uses of to plant, 272; substitute for, 273, 417, 484, 531 (see, also fibre); intoxicating, 273; substitute for, 67, 91, 489; beargrass for, 530. Herbemont's ever bearing mulberry, 304. Hercules' club, 137. Hickory, uses of, 322; as a dye, 322; for potash, in making soaps, 325; bands for baling cotton, 325. Hides, to prepare and dress, 245, et seq.Hippo, Carolina, 126, 127; wild, 126. Hogs, fat of, fed on beech, 235, 237; mulberry for, 304. Holly, mucilage and bird lime in, 390, 393. Honey, plants yielding poisonous, 379, 381, 418, 460; locust, 195; suckle, 408; dew on plants, 103, 276. Hoodwort, 446. Hoops for casks, wood for, 238, 323, 338, 335; see Wood. Hop, uses and cultivation of, 275, 277; substitute for, 280, 421, 424; formula for, 600. Horehound, 448; in catarrhs, 449; water, 449. Horse chestnut, 84; as suitable for opium, used in place of soap, and for production of starch, 84; horse gentian, horse mint, 443; nettle, 470; weed, 444; tails, 590. Hound'stongue, 439. Huckleberry, 384. Hydrocyanic acid, plants yielding, 170, 171, 173. Hydrophobia, native remedy for, 446, 447. Hygrometer, rustic, 177, 136, 384, 590. Hyssop, 465. Indelible ink, from plants, 201, 202, 368, 441; for bank notes, 598. Indian, cucumber, 529; mallows, 91; physic, 147; tobacco, 401; poke, 528; hemp in asthma, 484; meal, 538; coral, 538; turnips, 540; corn, oil paper, sugar, bread, soap, soda, potash, etc., from, 548, et seq.; bread, 599; loaf, 599; millet, 566. Indigo, method of extracting blue color from, 179; wild, 175; sowing of seeds, 180; to obtain indigo on plantations, 185; for family use, 186; indigo vat, 184; bastard, 187; substitute for, 188, 372; see Dyes. Infection, plant preservative against, 546. Ink berry, 390; indelible, 368, 441, 201, 202; sympathetic, 308; red, carmine, 367; black, 309; indestructible for bank notes, 598. Insects, plants noxious to, 409, 414, 426, 466, 107, 362, 532; on cotton plant, 96; on orange, 109; to relieve bite, 401; powder to destroy, 362. Instinct in trees, 460. Intoxication, plants inducing, 425, 564; see Liquors. Inuline, curious properties of, 417. Iodine, in plants to manufacture, 592. Ipecacuanha, substitute for, 29, 120, 147, 358; wild, 126, 407, 485. Iris, 523. Irish potato, starch from, 471. Iron wood, 233, 385. Irritability in plants, 197, 460, 35. Itch, weed, 382, 528; plants applied to relief of itch and mange, 382, 527. Ivy bush, 381. Jalap, 397; substitute for, 407, 396, 397; wild, 21; formula for, 600, 601. Jamestown weed, 474. Jerusalem oak, 361, 363; artichoke, 417, 420; as food, substitute for potato, cultivation, for pickles and starch, 420; potash in, 421. Jessamine, sedative and poisonous properties of, 461; substitute for digitalis, 461; in yellow fever, 461. Jewel weed, 139. Jointed Cypersus, 588. Judas tree, 197. Juniper, to season liquors, 162; formula, 599. Kalmia, 381. Kelp, plants yielding, 133, 134; to manufacture, 593. Kino, see Catechu. Knot grass, 372; weed, 444. Kyanizing wood, method of, 503. Lady's slipper, 425. Lampblack, from turpentine, 497. Larkspur, 19. Laudanum, (see Opium) subst. for, 275. Laurel, swamp, 36. Laxatives, see Cathartics. Leather, to tan, (see Tannin) 202, 203, 204, 208, 242, 146; tanning on plantations, 249, et seq.; experiments with leaves of gum and myrtle, and dog fennel, 345, 414; substitute for, 349; preparation to preserve, 497; to make water-proof, 500; wood, 350. Leaves, to dry, 7; influence of chloroform on, 197; to be collected for cavalry horses, 563. Lee, Dr. Daniel, method of tanning leather, 245. Lemon, to procure citric acid from, 107; oil from, 108. Leptandrine, 468. Lettuce, 43; wild, 435. Lichens, 589. Life-everlasting, 426. Light, influence on leaves, 198. Lily, water, 35; of the valley, 533. Lime tree, tea from, and cordage, 103. Lime, phosphate of, in plants, 544. Linseed oil, uses of, 89; substitute for, 423; see, also, Oils. Liquorice, substitute for, 49, 51; cultivation and preparation of, 49; wild, 51. Liquors, from fruit, 42, 48, 23, 156, 157, 142, 162, 189, 195, 266, 305, 386, 409; to prepare, 157, 162, 166; to flavor, 380; to strengthen, 425. Liriodendrine, in fever, 40. Liver, wort, 17; plants acting on (see Deobstruents and Alternatives), 413, 428, 429, 465. Live oak, 263. Live fences, 102; (see Hedges). Lizard's tail, 334. Lobelia, 401; as a relaxant, 402. Lobelic acid, 402. Locust tree, yellow, 188; honey, 195; clammy, 193; cultivation of for ship building, 190. Long moss, 524. Love apple, vine, 395. Lucerne, 176. Lungwort, 464. Lupulin, 275. Lye, concentrated, to make, 259; to extract from ashes, and to use in soap making, 261, 327, 332; see Potash and Soda. Machine for rasping arrow-root, 513; making sugar, 572, et seq. Madder, import., cultiv., and uses of as a dye plant, 406; subst. for, 407. Madeira nut, for oil and oil cake, 321. Mad dog skullcap, 446. Maiden hair, 591. Magnolia, 36, 38, 39. Mahogany, 87; substitute for, 171, 321; mountain, 265. Maize, oil, sugar, beer, potash, soda, bread, paper from, 548, et seq. Malaria, plants neutralizing, 56; barrier against, 422; influence of pine on 422; see, also, Antiperiodics. Malate of lime, 167. Malic acid, 150; plants yielding and preparation of, 167. Mallows, 90, 91. Mandrake, 21. Mangle, 55. Manna, subst. for, 565, 585; croup, 585. Maple, red, 79; sugar, mode of ext'g, 80. Maritime scirpus, 589. Marcet's exp. on sensibility in plants, 197, 198. Marsh, club rush, 589; mallow, 90; rosemary, 437; grass, 582. Maté, or Paraguay tea, 394. Mattresses, material for, 237, 489, 524, 525, 544. Maryland cunilla, 445. May-apple, vinegar from, 21, 77, 577; weed, 424. Meadow garlic, for pickling, and subst. for garlic, 531; grass, 585. Meal, white and red, 538, 541; hygienic bread from corn, 549; pl. poisoning, 564. Meat, plants to preserve, 42, 552; subst. for, 195. Meekweed, 467. Medeola, Virginian, 529. Melilot clover, 176. Methylene, plants yielding, 380. Mezereon, substitute for, 350. Milfoil mint, 424. Milk, subst. for, 64; to coagulate, see Rennet; sickness, remedy for, 148; vetch, 177. Mississippi nut, 333. Mistletoe, 63. Mitchella, 404. Mock moccason, 425. Molasses, subst. for, 64; plants yielding, 309; from Ch. sugar-cane, 567, et seq. Monarda, 443. Moonseed, 376. Moss, long, in stuffing beds, cushions, etc., 524. Mosses, 589. Motherwort, 448. Moth mullein, 464. Mountain, ash, 167, 168; berry, 380; flax, 85 laurel for engraving, 380 mahogany, 265 sumach, 207. Mouse ear, 414. Moxa, prep. from cotton, 96 from sunflowers, 422 Mucilaginous plants, native, 56, 66, 90, 91, 140, 149, 176, 310, 332, 345, 390, 391, 405, 418, 439, 451, 463, 466, 502, 534, 537, 565 589. Mucuna, substitute for, 234. Mulberry, to feed silk worms, 280 everbearing, 304 propagation of, 283 syrup from, 305 paper from, 305 French, 449. Mullein, 463; month, 464. Murrain, to relieve, 20. Mushroom, edible, to select, 594 to propagate, 595 plan in S. C., 597 antidote to poisonous, 597. Muskmelon, 64. Musk, substitute for, 533. Musical instruments, wood for making, 312. Mustard, 72 cult. and prep. of, 73. Myope, rice diet upon, 579. Myrtle, sea, 418 wax from, 312 leaves for tanning, 313, 345 for soap and candles, 314 to make, 315 leaves in place of oak bark in tanning, 345. Narcotics, native, 18, 23, 31, 44, 129, 350, 380, 382, 383, 401, 408, 410, 426, 435, 437, 439, 448, 461, 463, 469, 474, 481, 483, 494, 525, 528, 532, 564. Nausea, to allay, 416 nauseants, see Emetics. Nearsightedness, influence of food upon, 579. Neckweed, 467. Nettle, dwarf, 268 hæmastatic virtues of, 269 stinging, 119 red, 270 leaf vervain, 450. New Jersey tea tree, an astringent, and subst. for foreign tea, 109 cider, 151. Nightshade, 468. Nine bark, 147. Nitrate of potash, plants yielding, 363, 340. Nitre, plants yielding, 326, 340, 376, 428 to prepare, 340 see Potash. Nonesuch, 176. Nut, oil, to procure, 234 grass, 588. Oak, bark, to collect for tanning, 240, et seq.; white, 257 black, 238 red, 263 quercitron, 238 balls, 238 of Jerusalem, 361, 363 Spanish, 256 poison, 200 live, 263 scrub, potash in, 504. Oat, 583 Oil, nut, 317 to procure, 234 olive, cult. and prep. of, 490 nature and mode of extracting, 457 to clarify, 457, 461 of flowers to extract, 460, 461 press, 455 volatile, 416 to extract, 459, 481, 485 for food, 422, 453, 490 essential, 533, 380 blue, 425, 440, 445 from cotton seed, 494 aromatic, 199, 200, 351, 507, 510, 363, 416 to cultivate, 440 to extract, 459 styptic, 415, 416 painter's 234 from beech, 237 for soaps, 457 for burning, etc., 24 63, 67, 72, 78, 94, 122, 135, 188, 194, 235, 273, 313, 322, 422 amount yielded by different seeds, 453 subst. for olive, 24, 29, 63, 74, 194, 234, 235, 422, 451 subst. for castor, 29, 111, 451 cake, 67, 73, 88, 94, 118, 124, 322, 422, 423 peculiar volatile, 546 from corn, 553 poisonous from darnel, 564. Okra, 91 substitute for, 76. Old man's beard, 494. Olive oil, subst. for, 24, 29 63 74, 490 Europeanto cultivate and extract oil, etc., 490. Ooze, to prepare in tanning, 256. Onion, tree, 531 subst. for, 532. Opium, poppy (see Narcotics), 23, 27 culture, 28 gum, to collect and prepare, 25, 27 subst. for, 29, 84, 18, 147, 275, 276. Orach, 361. Orange and lime in Florida, 107 essence and wine from, 108. Orange root, 18 wild, 171 Osage, 102 grass, 79. Orchard grass, 587. Orchis, 524. Origanum, 443. Osage orange, as hedge plant, 101 as dye stuff, 103. Osier willow, for baskets, 335 to cultivate and dress, 336. Oxalate of potash, 140, 369. Oxalic acid in plants, 369. Ox-eyed daisy, 426. Packing, material for, 545. Palma Christi, uses, cultivation, and expression of oil from, 112. Palmetto, 526 saw, for mattresses, pillows, hats, 525 potash in, 526 for wharves, dates from, 526 dwarf, fans from, 527 Painters, oil for, to procure, 234, 273. Panicum, spiked, 565. Papaw, influence on meat, 41. Paper, native material for making, 16, 70, 93, 545 from cotton plant, 96 from mulberry, 305, 307 from sunflower, 443 from agave, 522 Chinese paper from typha, 545 from corn leaves, 558 from sugar-cane, 573. Parmentier, on conversion of starch from roots into food, 542. Parsley, 45. Parilla, 376. Partridge berry, 380, 405. Passion flower, 77. Pea, 194. Peach, 173; to dry, aphides on, 173. Pear, 149, 166; to store, 149; to make productive, 166. Pecan nut, 333. Pennyroyal, 446. Pepper, 468; grass, 67 mint, 440. Persimmon, tannin in, 385 beer from, 387 vinegar and syrup from, 388, 577. Perspiration extraordinary in plants, 422. Peruvian bark, substitute for, 59, 88. Perry, to prepare, 149. Peterwort, 78. Phænogamous species, 15. Picromar, 504. Pillows (see Mattresses).Pimpernel, 384, 468. Pindar, oil from, 194. Pine, long leaved, varied uses of, turpentine, pyroligneous acid from, etc., 495; influence on ozone, malaria, 495 pitch pine, uses of tar from, 504, 505 white, 505 Spanish gum, uses of, 505 northern, 505 substitute for, 506 weed, 79 Walter's pine, substitute for northern, 506 mucilaginous, 506 Weymouth, export of, 505. Pink root, 481. Pipes, material for, 537. Pipe stems, plants furnishing, 130, 310, 379. Pipsissewa, 377 diuretic tonic, 378. Piquette, to manufacture, 159. Plane stocks, materials for, 150 (see Cabinet work). Plantain, 436 water, 536. Plants (see Wood), to collect and dry, 5 for cabinet purposes, 11 easily procurable, medicinal, 8, 412 for wood engraving, 11, 59, 168 soft woods, 13 luminous property in, 55 intox. fish, 84 yielding thread (see “Fibre”), material for paper, 16, 70, 93, 274, 305 potash in, see “Potash;” oil from, see “Oil;” sugar in, 321, 81, 318 yielding liquors, 159, 161 see “Liquors;” for tanning, see “Tanning;” yielding charcoal, see “Charcoal;” see “Poisonous Plants,” discovery of new medicinal, 529, 563 evolving heat, 541, 544 list of those avoided by animals, 563 yielding gluten, 483. Pleurisy root, substitute for antimony and calomel, 485. Poisonous plants, 380, 382, 383, 384, 404, 460, 469, 476, 485, 527, 528, 564. Poison, ash, 494 oak, 200 sumach, 206. Pokeweed, 365 crimson, dye from, 367 potash from, 366 to color wine, 366. Pomegranate, 58. Pond lily, 35 spice, 355. Poppy, opium, 23, 28 preparation and cultivation of, 27 Mexican, 28 prickly, 28. Potash, binox. of, 140, 369 plants yielding, 34, 47, 80, 84, 526, 359, 366, 421, 423, 473, 236 to extract, 260, 325, 360 to prepare, 326, 328 from weeds, 328, 421, 504 nitrate of, 363, 376, 590 from fuci, 594. Potato, sweet, 397 coffee from, 400 starch from, 400 blistering flies on, 400 to cleanse silk, 400, 472 Irish, starch from, 471 yam, a substitute for, 539. Prickly, ash, 136, 137 pear, to harden tallow, 66 poppy, 28. Pride of India, 106 as vermifuge, and for cabinet purposes, 107. Printing blocks, material for, 122 see wood engraving, 150, 168. Prussic acid, plants yielding, 170, 171, 172. Puccoon, 30 formulæ for, 599, 601. Purgatives, plants supplying, see Cathartics. Pyroligneous acid from pine, 498 vinegar from, 498. Pumpkin, 64. Pupil, plants dilating, 470, 476. Purslane, 131. Putty root, substitute for gum arabic, 525. Quass, manufacture, 164. Quassia, 137. Queen's delight, 121. Quercitron, 239 oak, 239. Quinine (see Antiperiod.), substitute for, 238, 334, 372, 405, 412. Rabbit-foot clover, 177. Radish, water, 71. Rag weed, 419 root, 429. Raspberry, wild, 144. Rattlesnake's master, 50, 522 plants hostile to, 494. Reed mace, 544 burr, 545. Red-bird salad, 197 chickweed, 384 clover, 177. Refrigerants, 139, 140, 368, 369, 383, 437, 534, 536. Reeling of silk, 300. Rennet, plant acting as, 77, 131, 139, 406, 482. Rhubarb, substitute for, 368, 370, 396, 480 culture of, in Confederate States, 373 preparation of roots, 374. Rhus, antidote for, 201. Ribwort, 437. Rice, Carolina, uses of, effect in producing myope, 578 starch from, 578 bread from, 580 substitute for coffee, 580. Roots, to dry, 7 furnishing starch and food, 541, 542, 544. Rope, wahoo, for baling cotton, 311 material for, 350. Rose, 460, 461 water to prepare, 460 oil to prepare, 461 acacia, 189 rosemary, 437. Rosaries, seeds for making, 130. Rosin from pine, 497 from cypress, 509. Rouge, substitute for, 439. Royal fern, 591. Rubefacients (see Escharotics), 17, 31, 33, 74. Rue, Turkey, 187. Rush, white, 582. Rye, substitute for coffee, 584. Saccharine matter in grasses, 225; see, also, Wine and Sugar. Sage, 442; cultivation of, 443. Sago from potato, 397; from arum, 543. Salad, substitute for, 56, 57, 67, 72, 73, 131, 136, 276, 369, 430, 529, 544. Salicin, 335. Salivation caused by plants, 128, 136, 137, 177, 410, 436, 447, 486; plants arresting, 420; see Alteratives. Saliva, plants tinging, 436. Salt, economy in, 332, 503. Saltwort, 359; yielding soda, 360; marsh grass, 582. Sap of trees, liquors from, 163; sugar from, 318, 321. Saponine, 132. Sampson's snakeroot, 478. Sand-paper, substitute for, 415. Sanguinaria, 599. Sanicle, 42. Sarsaparilla, 51, 132, 376; substitute for, 460, 537. Sassafras, 350; substitute for gum arabic, 351, 352; beer from, 353. Savin, substitute for, 510. Saw palmetto for mattresses and hats, 525. Scabish, 55. Scarlet pimpernel, 384. Scouring rush, 582. Skullcap, 446. Sea myrtle, 418; grape, 376; orach, 361; weed, soda, iodine, and potash from, 593; as manure, 594. Sedatives, plants acting as, 19, 20, 30, 44, 47, 58, 103, 169, 172, 173, 382, 383, 401, 441, 465, 469, 525, 528, 535. Seneka snakeroot, 85. Senna, wild, 195. Sensibility in plants, 197. Sensitive plant, 197. Serpentaria, 355, 357. Service tree, 161, 168; drink from, 162. Side-saddle flower, 53. Silk, making of, 280; rearing of worms and processes, 281, et seq.; substitute for, 489. Silkweed for cloth, thread, cushions, etc., 489; cultivation of, 489. Silica in plants, 415, 590. Silver fir, 506. Simpler's joy, 450. Sisal hemp, to cultivate and prepare, 58; to cleanse, rot, the fibre, 519, et seq. Skunk cabbage, 544. Sheep laurel, 381; sorrel, 308; plants poisonous to, 379. Ship building, timber for, 188, 189, 236, 263, 505, 507; see wood for cabinet work. Shoe wax, to make, 206; wooden shoes, 343, 348. Shrub, 199. Shucks, soap, paper, soda, manufactures from, 551, et seq.; yarn from, 561. Smart-weed, 370. Smilacine, 538. Smith, Dr. J. L. on crystal. sugar, 570. Smut caused by barberry, 52; to prevent, 598. Snake-head, 465; plantain, 437; weed, 44; root, 43, 85, 355, 357, 358; Sampson's snakeroot, 478; black snakeroot, 19. Snuff, plants to flavor, 546. Soapwort, 132. Soap, plants furnishing, 69, 83, 84, 96, 107, 132, 325, 423; soft, to make, 134, 332, hard, 259, 331; to make with lye, 261, 316; economical, 262, 331, 332; from myrtle berries, 314; from resin without grease, 501; from corn shucks, 551, 561; plants acting as, 590; from seaweed, 593. Soda, plants yielding, 133, 359, 551; to manufacture, 133, 134, 360; from kelp, 590, 593. Soft rush, 537. Solanina, 469, 471, 472. Solferino, color, 367. Solomon's seal, 534. Sorghum and sorgho sucré, sugar and syrup from, to manufacture, 567, et seq.; mill for, 568. Sorrel, 368, 374. Sour wood, 379; gum, 347. Sow thistle, 436. Soup, plant to make, 195, 585. Sparterie, for baskets, 343. Spearmint, 440. Speedwell, 466. Spice bush, 354. Spicy wintergreen, 380. Spiders, to relieve sting of, 401. Spigeline, 482. Spikenard, American, 51. Spinach. substitute for, 136. Spirits, from plants (see Liquors). Spotted wintergreen, 377. Spruce, 505; hemlock, for tanning, 506; black, 507; essence of, 507; white, 507; beer, 279. Spurge, 128. Spurry, 135; to improve soils, 561. Squaw root, 462. St. John's wort, 78. Staggers, plant causing, 522. Starch, plants yielding, 53, 84, 524, 537; from potato, 397, 400, 422; to extract and prepare, 516; by fermentation, 517; to wash and pack for sale, 518, 534, 536, 539; from Indian turnip, 541, from roots, to be converted into bread. 542; from corn, 553; from rice, 578; from wheat, to manufacture, 584. Star-flower, 532; grass, 532, 533. Stearine, plant yielding, 122, 124. Steeple bush, 146. Sternutatories, native 31, 483, 358, 533. Stitchweed, 136. Stimulants, plants yielding, 85, 427, 542, 543. Stomachics, native, 39, 479, 480, 532. Stramonium, 474. Strawberry, 144. Styptic weed, 130, 196, 424; styptics, 424, 426. Sugar-cane, 577, 570; et seq.; paper and syrup from, 573; wax from, 578. Sugar maple, 80; to extract sugar from, 81. Sugar, to manufacture, 81, 567; et seq.; berry, 312; plants producing, 79, 80, 92, 539; to clarify with vegetable albumen, 92; from sap of walnut, 318, 321; from beet, 375; from sap of trees, 318, 321, 396; from potato, 400; from silkweed, 488; to prepare and manufacture from corn, 553; Naudain and Webb's method, 553, 558; large amount in lime grass, 562; Chinese sugar, molasses, and syrup from, to manufacture, 567; et seq.; mill for, 268; antiseptic power of, 569; to crystallize, 570, 577. Sumachs, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207; antidote to poisoning by, 201, 273, 450, 541; cultivation of for tannin, 209; and for calico printing in Sicily, 209. Sun, dew, 73; flower, extraordinary evaporation in, oil, cigars from, cultivation of, 422; paper from, 423; potassa and oil from, 423. Swallowwort, 488. Swamp laurel, 36; dogwood, 62. Sweet, birch, 265, 380; gum, for tanning, 344; leaf, 388, 389; shrub, 199; potato, 397. Syrup, of wild cherry, 171; astringent, 388; to manufacture from Ch. sugarcane, 567, et seq., 591. Tallow tree, 122; candles and soap to obtain from it, 123. Tannin, plants yielding (see Astringents); to extract, 209, 210, 379, 380, 415, 438, 445, 591 leaves tested for, 345; (see Rhus. Quercus, and Liquidambar). Tanning leather, plants for, 146, 201 to 211, 240, 243, 267, 316, 345, 384, 494, 546; method described by Dr. Lee, 245; easy method on plantations, 249; method from So. Cultivator, 255; leaves suggested to be used in, 345; dogfennel and gum for, 346. Tansy, 425. Tanya, indelible dye from, 367. Tar water, 504. Taraxacum, uses of, 428. Tare, 194. Tea, antispasmodic from Tilia, 103, 525; Chinese tea plant, cult. and subst. for, 104, 140, 144, 380, 389, 390, 391, 393, 417, 482; New Jersey tea tree, 109; demulcent and aromatic, 352, 354; flavor of green tea, 523; blade, 553. Telegraph poles, wood for, 510. Terebene and turpentine, 501. Textile plants, see “Fibre.” Thatch, pl. for, 590. Thirst, plants allaying, 379. Thistles, 436. Thorn-apple, 28, 474, 477. Thoroughwort, 410, 413. Thread from pl. (see Fibre), 88, 272, 489. Thyme, 444. Tickweed, 446. Tilleul, subst. for soothing tea from, 103. Timber, best time to fell, 241; to season, 258; relative strength of, 258; density of, 264; effect of soil and season upon 263; selection of, 264; height of, 264. Timothy grass, peculiarity of seed, 566. Titi, for pipe stems, 130. Tobacco, 473; subst. for, 29, 62, 358; to flavor, 410, 439, 473, 546. Tomato, 472. Tonics, native, 18, 21, 33, 36, 39, 54, 61, 63, 136, 138, 146, 169, 344, 356, 376, 377, 389, 390, 413, 415, 427, 428, 435, 445, 448, 466, 478, 480, 524, 527, 532, 546. Tool handles, wood for, see “Cabinet,” 235. Toothache, remedy for, 447; bush, 50, 136, 137. Torchwood, 200. Touch-me-not, 139. Traveller's joy, 16. Trees, height, strength, etc.; see “Timber.” Trefoil, 177. Tripterella, blue, 523. True blue grass, value in enriching lands, 585. Trumpet flower, 460. Tuckahoe, 599. Tulip tree, 39; poplar, 39. Tupelo, 347; for making utensils, shoes, etc., 348. Turkey pea, 187. Turmeric, 18. Turnsole, 438. Turpentine, extraction, uses, etc., 495, 499; soap from, 496; effects upon system, 499; to render leather and cloth water-proof, 500; terebene from, 501; as a burning fluid, 501. Twine, material for, 531; (see Cordage). Twin-leaf, 21. Ultramarine blue from plants, 536. Umbrella tree, 38; wood for handles of, 235. Unicorn root, 532. Uterus, influence of cotton seed on, 94. Valerian, substitute for, 525. Vanilla, substitute for, 173; wild, 410. Varnishes, pl. yielding, 200, 202, 207, 208. Vegetable stearine, 125; wax, 313; see Oil. Veneering, material for, 16, 79, 80. Venus fly-trap, 35. Veratrum viride and veratria, 528; mode of using as a sedative, 529. Vermifuges, native, 22, 39, 41, 48, 106, 132, 234, 280, 361, 363, 404, 449, 466, 481, 507, 510, 588, 590. Veronica, 467. Vervain, 450. Vesicants; see Escharotics. Vetch, 194. Violet, common, 75; hand-leaved, 76; dog's-tooth, 530. Vinegar, native material for (see Sumach), 64, 150, 308; from honey, 308; from fig, 308; from beet, 374; persimmon, 388; from pyroligneous acid, 498; from Chinese sugar-cane, 576. Vine, grape, 213; wine from, to make, 214, et seq. Virgin's bower, 16. Virginian veronica, 407; lycopus, 441; cress, 67; swallowwort, 488; silk, 488; medeola, 529. Vitality in plants, 395. Volatile oil, peculiar, 546. Vomiting, plants allaying, 440, 444, 527. Wake robin, 540. Walnut, 317, 318; sugar and oil from, 318; leaves as alterative, 319; for gunstocks, 320; Persian, 321. Wahoo, 311; rope and cordage from, 311. Walter's pine, 506; grass, 581. Washing, economical mode of, 261. Water-proof material, 89; to purify, 342; chickweed, 347; cress, 71; fescue, 587; flax-seed, 548; horehound, 440; lily, 35; melon, 64; pepper, 370; radish, witch - hazel, to detect, 59; plantain, 536; grass to prevent encroachment of, 562. Wax, insect, 122; Wax, insect, 122; to obtain from myrtle, 313; nature of, 313; myrtle, 312; from sugar-cane, 578. Weeds, as manure, and to prevent spread of, 504; alkaline salts in, 504. Weeping willow, 343. Weymouth pine, uses of, 505. Wheat, gluten, and starch from, 583; substitute for, 235, 567; from doura corn, 567; bitters, 587; smut in, 598; poisoned, 564. White, hellebore, 312, 523; substitute for, 67; ash, 494; cedar, 509; beech, 235; avens, 145; oak, baling for cotton, 258; and strength of fibre, 258; weed, 426; wood, 39; poplar, 343; spruce, 507; rush, 582. Whortleberry, 384. Wild chamomile, 424; carrot, 48; cherry, 169; syrup of, 170, 179; coffee, 196; currant, 168; endive, 431; ginger, 357; rose-bay, 380; horehound, 413; hippo, 126; indigo, 173, 178; ipecac, 127; jalap, 21; lettuce, 435; lemon, 21; liquorice, 51; orange, 171; potato vine, 396; raspberry, 144; radish, 72; sarsaparilla, 51; senna, 195; strawberry, 144; yam, 334; vanilla, 410; garlic, 532; yam, 539. Willow, 334; osier, 335; purple, 335; for baskets, 336; to cultivate, 336; red, 62. Wine, from native grape, to manufacture, 213, et seq.; cellars for, 213; Prof. Jackson's plan of making wine, 214; from grape leaves, 219; Hume's method, 222; in California, 225; red, 228; fermentation, 165, 232, 234; from orange, 108; blackberry, to make, 141, 142; from sap of birch, 268; to color, 366. Wing-rib sumach, 207. Winterberry, 389; green, 377, 380. Witch-hazel, 58; in detecting water, 59; alder. Wood, substitute for, as dye wood, 417. Woodbine, 408; anemone, 16; sorrel, 139, 140. Wood, native, for engraving, 11, 62, 122, 150, 168, 233, 266, 381, 386, 392, 508; soft and hard, 12, 62, 233, 358, 382, 384, 493, 235, 266, 507; for cabinet and manufacturing purposes, 11, 62, 79, 80, 103, 104, 107, 150, 171, 188, 189, 120, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257, 266, 306, 310, 311, 312, 318, 320, 323, 343, 392, 460, 494, 499, 505, 506, 507, 511; strength of fibre of, 257, 263; dye from, 16, 18, 21, 182, 240 (see Dyes); relative density of wood, 263, 507, 511; influence of soil upon, 263; for fuel, 421; duration impregnated with sulphate of copper, and method, 502, 511; to preserve by chemical agencies, 503; for ship building, 505, 507, 511; for gunstocks, 320. Wormseed, 361. Wormwood, for supply of potash, 364. Woorari, from plant, 483. Xanthoxylin, 137. Yam root, wild, to cult. and store, 539. Yarrow, wild, 424. Yaupon, tea from, 393. Yellow grass, 533; clover, 176; lady's slipper, 525; locust tree, 188; moccason, 525, parilla, 376; root, 18, 21; star thistle, 28; star grass, 533; sarsaparilla, 376, 460. INDEX OF THE BOTANICAL NAMES OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Abies balsamea, 506. Abies Canadensis, 506. Abies Nigra, 507. Abies Alba, 507. Abutilon Avicennæ, 91. Acalypha Virginica, 120. Acer rubrum, 79. Acer saccharinum, 80. Achillea millefolium, 424. Achyranthes repens, 359. Aconitum uncinatum, 441. Acorus calamus, 545. Actæa racemosa, 19. Adiantum, 590. Adiantum, pedatum, 591. Æsculus pavia, 84. Agave Virginica, 522. Agave Sisalina, 518. Agave pulque, 522. Agaricus campestris, 594. Agrimonia eupatoria, 145, 271. Agrostis stolonifera, 563. Agrostis perennans, 581. Aletris farinosa, 532. Aletris aurea, 533. Algæ, 592. Allium Canadense, 531. Allium Carolinianum, 532. Alisma plantago, 536. Alisma trivialis, 536. Alisma parviflora, 536. Alnus serrulata, 266, 377. Amaryllis atamasco, 522. Ambrosia trifida, 420. Ambrosia artemisifolia, 419 Amelanchier, 161, 162, 168. Amianthum muscætoxicum, 527. Ammi majus, 45. Amophila arenaria, 582. Amorpha fruticosa, 187. Amphicarpa monoica, 194. Amygdalus, 173. Amyris Floridana, 200. Anagallis arvensis, 384. Anchusa tinctoria, 126. Andromeda angustif., 379. Andromeda arborea, 379. Andromeda coriacca, 379. Andromeda mariana, 379. Andromeda nitida, 379. Andromeda speciosa, 379. Anemone nemorosa, 16. Anemone hepatica, 17. Anethum foeniculum, 47. Angelica lucida, 46. Anona triloba, 41. Anthemis, 424. Anthoxanthum odoratum, 354, 356. Antennaria Margaritacea, 426. Apium graveolens, 45. Apium petroselinum, 45. Apocynum cannabinum, 483 Apocynum androsæmif., 484 Apocynum pubescens, 483. Archangelica, 46. Arachis hypogea, 194. Aralia spinosa, 50. Aralia nudicaulis, 51. Aralia racemosa, 51. Argemone Mexicana, 28. Arisæma atroreubens, 540. Aristolochia serpent., 355. Aristolochia hastata, 357. Aristolochia sipho, 357. Arnica nudicaulis, 426. Arnica montana, 427. Aronia botryapium, 161, 168 Artemisia caudata, 362. Arrhenatherum, 586. Arundo arenaria, 582. Arundinaria gigantea, 587. Arundinaria macrosper., 587 Arum maculatum, 542. Arum triphyllum, 540. Arum Virginicum, 542. Asarum Virginicum, 358. Asarum Canadense, 357. Asarum arifolium, 358. Asclepias decumbens, 485. Asclepias incarnata, 488. Asclepias verticillata, 488. Asclepias tuberosa, 485. Asclepias cornuti, 488. Asclepias Syriaca, 488. Ascyrum Crux-Andreæ, 78. Ascyrum multicaule, 78. Asimina triloba, 41. Asparagus officinalis, 535. Aster tortifolius, 414. Aster cordifolium, 415. Aster linarifolius, 415. Atriplex laciniata, 361. Atropa physaloides, 473. Avena sativa, 583. Baccharis halimifolia, 418. Baptisia bracteata, 175. Baptisia leucophæa, 175. Baptisia tinctoria, 175. Batschia canescens, 33. Benzoin odoriferum, 352, 354 Berberis Canadensis, 51. Berberis vulgaris, 51. Beta vulgaris, 374. Betula nigra, 266. Betula lenta, 265, 380. Bignonia, capreolata, 460. Bignonia, catalpa, 460. Bignonia, crucigera, 460. Bletia verecunda, 524. Bletia aphylla, 424. Boehmeria nivea, 272. Brassica oleracea, 454. Brassica campestris, 454. Broussonetia papyrif., 307. Bromus secalinus, 587. Bromus purgans, 587. Bumelia lycioides, 385. Bursera gummifera, 200. Buxus sempervirens, 111. Cactus cochinilifer, 67. Cactus opuntia, 66. Calamagrostis, 582. Callicarpa Americana, 449. Callitriche verna, 347. Callitriche heterophyl., 347 Caltha palustris, 18. Calycanthus Floridus, 199. Camelina sativa, cultivation of, 67. Canella alba, 131. Cannabis sativa, 273. Cannabis Indica, 273. Canna flacida, 536. Capparis spinosa, 75. Capparis Jamaicensis, 75. Capparis cynophalloph., 75 Caprifolium, 408. Capsella bursa-pastoris, 70. Capsicum annuum, 468. Carex acuta, 589, 544. Carpinus, (see Ostrya) 233. Carya amara, 322. Carya olivæformis, 333. Carya porcina, 322. Carya alba, 322. Carya myristiciæformis, 333 Cassia occidentalis, 196. Cassia Caroliniana, 196. Cassia chamæcrista, 196. Cassia hirsuta, 196. Cassia Marylandica, 195. Cassia tora, 197. Castanea pumila, 237. Castanea vesca, 238. Catalpa cordifolia, 460. Ceanothus Americanus, 109 Celtis occidentalis, 312. Centaurea benedicta, 427. Cephalanthus occident., 405 Cerasus serotina, 169. Cerasus Caroliniana, 171. Cercis Canadensis, 197. Cicuta maculata, 44. Cicuta virosa, 45. Cimicifuga racemosa, 19. Citrus aurantium, 107. Chamælirium Carolin., 427. Chamærops palmetto, 526. Chamærops serrulata, 512, 525. Chelone glabra, 465. Chenopodium anthelminticum, 361, 359. Chenopodium ambros., 363. Chenopodium alb., 359, 364. Chenopodium botrys, 363. Chimaphila maculata, 377. Chimaphila umbellata, 378. Chionanthus Virginica, 494. Chironia, (see Centaurea) 479. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 426. Cichorium intybus, 431. Citrus aurantium, 107. Citrus limonium, 107, 109. Citrullus, 64. Cladrastis tinctoria, 175. Clematis crispa, 15. Clematis viorna, 16. Clematis Virginiana, 16. Clethra tomentosa, 379. Clethra alnifolia, 379. Cliftonia ligustrina, 130. Clusia flava, 130. Clusia rosea, 130. Cnicus, (see Centaurea) 427. Coccoloba urifera, 376. Coccoloba Floridana, 376. Coffea Arabica, 405. Collinsonia Canadens., 201, 208, 444. Collinsonia anisata, 445. Collinsonia scabra, 445. Commelina communis, 536. Convalaria multiflora, 534. Convalaria biflora, 534. Convalaria majallis, 534. Convalaria polygonat., 534 Convolvulus macror., 396. Convolvulus batatas, 397. Convolvulus Jalapa, 397. Convolvulus pandurat., 396. Cornus Florida, 59. Cornus sericea, 62. Cornus sanguinea, 63. Cornus stricta, 63. Corylus, rostrata, 234. Corylus, Americana, 234. Corypha palmetto, 426. Cratægus crus-galli, 148. Cratægus cordata, 148. Croton balsamiferum, 111. Croton maratimum, 111. Ctenium American, 585. Cucumis citrullus, 64. Cucumis pepo, 64. Cucumis melo, 65. Cucumis sativus, 65. Cucurbita lagenaria, 65. Cunilla mariana, 445. Cupressus disticha, 508. Cupressus thyoides, 509. Cuscuta Americana, 395. Cuscuta compacta, 395. Cuscuta cornuti, 395. Cuscuta vulgivaga, 395. Cynara scolymus, 428. Cynoglossum Virginic., 439. Cynoglossum officinale, 439. Cynoglossum amplex., 439. Cyperus articulatus, 588. Cyperus virens, 588. Cyperus odoratus, 588. Cyperus hydra, 588. Cypripedum pubescens, 425. Cyrilla racemiflora, 130. Dactylis glomerata, 587. Dasystoma pubescens, 466. Datura stramonum, 474. Datura tatula, 474. Daucus carota, 47. Daucus pusilus, 48. Delphinium consolida, 19. Diervilla trifida, 408. Diervilla canadensis, 408. Digitaria dactylon, 565. Digitalis purpurea, 465. Dilatris tinctoria, 522. Dionoea muscipula, 35. Dioscorea battatas, 539. Dioscorea villosa, 539. Dioscorea sativa, 540. Dioscorea alata, 540. Diospyros Virginiana, 385. Diplopappus linarif. 415. Dirca palustris, 350. Discopleura capillacea, 45. Dracocephalum variegatum, 447. Dracocephalum Virginianum, 448. Dosera rotundifolium, 77. Echites difformis, 482. Eclipta erecta, 420. Eclipta procumbens, 420. Eleocharis palustris, 589. Elymus arenarius, 562. Epiphagus Americana, 462. Equisetum lævigatum, 590. Equisetum hiemale, 590. Equisetum arvense, 590. Erigeron annuum, 416. Erigeron canadense, 415, 416 Erigeron Philadelphic., 415. Erigeron pusilum, 416. Erigeron strigosum, 415. Eryngium aquaticum, 43. Eryngium yuccæfolium, 43. Eryngium foetidum, 43. Eryngium aromaticum, 43. Erythronium Americ., 530. Erythronium lanceol. 530. Erysimum, 71. Eugenia, 199. Euonymus Americanus, 129. Euonymus atropurpur. 129. Eupatorium perfoliat. 410. Eupatorium purpur. 412. Eupatorium rotundif. 413. Eupatorium teucrif. 413. Eupatorium verbenæ. 413. Eupatorium foeniculaceum, 345, 414. Euphorbia annua, 129. Euphorbia corollata, 126. Euphorbia helioscopea, 129. Euphorbia hypericif. 128. Euphorbia ipecacuan. 127. Euphorbia maculata, 128. Euphorbia thymifolia, 129. Fagus sylvatica, 235. Fagus Americana, 235. Fagus feruginea, 246. Festuca, 585. Festuca, duriuscula, 586. Ficus carica, 308. Filices, 589. Foeniculum officinale, 46. Fosteronia difformis, 482. Fragaria vesca, 144. Fragaria Virginiana, 144. Frasera Walteri, 480. Frasera Caroliniensis, 480. Fraxinus acuminata, 494. Fraxinus Americana, 494. Fuci, 593. Fucus serratus, 592. Fucus vesiculosus, 592. Fumaria officinalis, 34. Fungi, 594. Galium trifidum, 406. Galium hispidulum, 406. Galium tinctorium, 406. Gaultheria procumb. 380. Gelseminum sempervi. 461. Gentiana catesbæi, 478. Gentiana ochroleuca, 479. Gentiana lutea, 386, 479. Gentiana purpur. 386, 479. Gentiana Elliottii, 478. Gentiana saponaria, 479. Gentiana quinqueflora, 479. Geranium maculatum, 138. Gerardia flava, 466. Geum Virginianum, 145. Geum Carolinianum, 145. Gillenia tomentosa, 146. Gillenia trifoliata, 147. Gillenia stipulacea. 148. Glyceria fluitans, 585. Glyceria tomentosa, 187. Gnaphalium margaritaceum, 426. Gnaphalium polyceph. 426. Gonolobus macrophyl. 485. Gossypium herbaceum, 93. Gratiola officinalis, 465. G