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The Cherokee Physician, or Indian Guide to Health, as Given by Richard Foreman, a Cherokee Doctor; Comprising a Brief View of Anatomy, With General Rules for Preserving Health without the Use of Medicines. The Diseases of the U. States, with Their Symptoms, Causes, and Means of Prevention, are Treated on in a Satisfactory Manner. It Also Contains a Description of a Variety of Herbs and Roots, Many of which are not Explained in Any Other Book, and their Medical Virtues have Hitherto been Unknown to the Whites; To which is Added a Short Dispensatory.
Electronic Edition.

Foreman, Richard, and Jas. W. Mahoney (James W.)


Funding from the Institute for Museum and Library Services
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First edition, 2001
ca. 750K
Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
2001.

        © This work is the property of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It may be used freely by individuals for research, teaching and personal use as long as this statement of availability is included in the text.

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(title page) The Cherokee Physician, or Indian Guide to Health, as Given by Richard Foreman, a Cherokee Doctor; Comprising a Brief View of Anatomy, With General Rules for Preserving Health without the Use of Medicines. The Diseases of the U. States, with Their Symptoms, Causes, and Means of Prevention, are Treated on in a Satisfactory Manner. It Also Contains a Description of a Variety of Herbs and Roots, Many of which are not Explained in Any Other Book, and their Medical Virtues have Hitherto been Unknown to the Whites; To which is Added a Short Dispensatory.
Richard Foreman
Jas. W. Mahoney
308, 5 p.
Asheville, NC
Edney & Dedman
1849
Call number VC615 M21c (North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)


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Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21st edition, 1998

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Title Page Verso


THE
CHEROKEE PHYSICIAN,
OR
INDIAN GUIDE TO HEALTH,

AS GIVEN BY
RICHARD FOREMAN, A CHEROKEE DOCTOR;
COMPRISING A BRIEF VIEW OF ANATOMY, WITH
GENERAL RULES FOR PRESERVING HEALTH
WITHOUT THE USE OF MEDICINES.

THE DISEASES OF THE U. STATES,
WITH THEIR SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND
MEANS OF PREVENTION, ARE TREATED
ON IN A SATISFACTORY
MANNER.

IT ALSO CONTAINS
A DESCRIPTION OF A VARIETY OF
HERBS AND ROOTS,
MANY OF WHICH ARE NOT EXPLAINED IN ANY
OTHER BOOK, AND THEIR MEDICAL VIRTUES
HAVE HITHER TO BEEN UNKNOWN
TO THE WHITES; TO WHICH
IS ADDED A SHORT

DISPENSATORY:

BY

JAS. W. MAHONEY.

EDNEY & DEDMAN,
ASHEVILLE, N. C.
1849.


Page verso

DISTRICT OF EAST TENNESSEE:

        Be it Remembered, That on the 6th day of October, 1845, William Mahoney, of said District, hath deposited in this office, the Title of a Book, which is in the words and figures following, to wit:

        "The Cherokee Physician, or Indian Guide to Health,
"as given by Richard Foreman, a Cherokee Doctor, com-
"prising a brief view of Anatomy, with General Rules
"for Preserving Health, without the use of Medicines.--
"It also contains a description of a variety of Herbs and
"Roots, many of which are not explained in any other
"Book, and their medical virtues have hitherto been un-
"known to the Whites; to which is added a short Dispen-
"satory, by James W. Mahoney," the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in conformity with an act of Congress, entitled an act to amend the several acts respecting copy-rights.

        A true copy from the Records in my office.

        SEAL.

JAMES W. CALDWELL,
Clerk of the United States
Court for the District of
East Tennessee.



Page 5

INTRODUCTION.

        Every new publication on this, as well as other subjects, should have some grounds upon which it can set up its claim to a share of public patronage and support. Had I not believed that this work contained something new and useful, I would not have published it. But, believing as I do, that the "HEALING ART," as known and practised by the Cherokee Indians, would be welcomely received by many: and having personally tested the efficacy of their remedies, in the cure of diseases after such remedies as are usually prescribed by the whites had been tried and had utterly failed to effect a cure, I have been induced to commit this system to paper. I am sensible that in so doing, I expose myself to the animadversions of the critics. I am also sensible, (to some extent) of the prejudice which prevails in the minds of many, against Medical works, which are not decked in the flowery drapery of a fine and ornamented style and technical lore. Believing, as I do, that medicine should not be merely a study of curious enquiry, but one of the deepest interest to every son of mortality, I have endeavored to adorn it with plain practical sense, rather than with the fascinating decorations of high standing, unmeaning names, and technical phrases.

        Those who will take the pains to read and study, will soon be convinced that the All-wise Creator in the infinitude of his mercy, has furnished man with the means of curing his own diseases, in all the climates and countries of which he is an inhabitant; and that a knowledge of the means of curing all common diseases, is not so difficult to obtain as has been generally represented.

        The really valuable materials in medicine, and those which act with the greatest promptitude and power, in the cure of diseases, are few and simple, and easily to be procured in all countries.

        The Aborigines of our country found the means of mitigating


Page 6

and curing their diseases, in the uncultivated wilds which gave them birth,--they knew nothing of foreign drugs, but with roots, herbs, and plants found in their own country, they mitigated and cured the diseases most common to that country. That their knowledge of the medical properties of the roots and herbs common in the American forest, is superior to that possessed by the whites will hardly be denied. Neither will it be denied by those acquainted with their success, in treating disease, that they have, in many instances, performed cures, by means of roots, herbs and plants, after the usual remedies prescribed by white physicians had failed. The articles employed by them in the cure of diseases, are simple, and principally such as can be procured in this country.

        The time is not far distant, when most; if not all the diseases, of our country, will be healed without the use of calomel and mercurial preparations, and when foreign drugs will be disused by administering physicians.

        My principal design, in the publication of this work, is to lay before the heads of families, the means of guarding against diseases, and also such remedies as are best calculated to arrest diseases in their incipient, or forming stages. I have labored to give such instruction, with regard to the nature and symptoms of diseases, as will enable the reader to determine, with some degree of accuracy, when the aid of a skillful physician is really necessary, and also to distinguish the man of practical science and wisdom, from the ignorant pretender, and the assuming quack.

        With these remarks, I submit the work to the inspection of a liberal and enlightened American people. The impartial and intelligent reader will doubtless award to it its due portion of merit and demerit.


Page 7

PART ONE.

CHAPTER 1.
ANATOMY.

        Anatomy treats of the structure of the human body, its various organs, and their use.

        Practical Anatomy, is the dissecting or dividing of the organized substances, to exhibit the structure, situation, and uses of the parts. Those wishing to practice surgery, will find that subject discussed at length in books that treat on that alone. A knowledge of Anatomy is indispensable to him who would become either a safe or a skillful Surgeon; but to a practical Physician, in the treatment of diseases, it is of little value, comparatively speaking. But as this work is designed for all who may see proper to give it a perusal, and not limited to the use of any in particular, it is reasonable to suppose that some will be pleased, and perhaps benefitted, by this part of the work. A minute and extensive treatise on Anatomy will not be expected by the intelligent reader, in a work of this kind. But I will endeavor to give the outlines of the whole human system, in a plain and concise manner. This short treatise on this subject, will be sufficient to enable the heads of families, and others, who practice under the directions of this book, to ascertain with some degree of accuracy, the seat of disease, and also to enable them to return, to its proper place, a dislocated joint; and this is all that the writer believes will be worth its room in this work.

SECTION 1.
ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY & THEIR USES.

        The most natural general divisions of the human body, are--

        These general divisions are composed of bones, muscles, glands, ligaments, cartilages, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, absorbents, and the brain and spinal marrow.


Page 8

        SUB-DIVISIONS.--The body, (Trunk,) is divided into two cavities:

        The breast, (thorax) and belly (abdomen,) are separated by a strong membrane, called the midriff or diaphragm, which will be described hereafter.

        The upper division, breast (thorax,) contains the heart and lungs, called the thoracic viscera; and the lower division, belly (abdomen) contains the stomach, kidneys, liver, intestines, &c., called abdominal viscera.

        The bones will now be taken into view. They may properly be considered as the braces of the human frame --they give to it shape, stature and firmness. The number of bones in the human body, is estimated at two hundred and forty-eight. Of these, sixty-three are in the head; fifty-three in the trunk; sixty-eight in the upper extremities, or arms, and sixty-four in the lower extremities.--This estimation includes the four sesamoid bones in the great toes, and the four sceamoid bones in the thumbs, which are not always found.

SKULL--(Cranium.)

        The skull contains the eight following bones:

  • One in the forehead--os frontis.
  • Two temple bones--ossa temporalia.
  • Two walls, or sides--ossa parietalia.
  • One full of holes--os ethmoides.
  • One wedge-like form--os spenoides.
  • One back of the head--os occipitis.

        The os frontis, is the bone of the forehead, reaching from its upper edge, downwards, so as to include the upper part of the eye sockets, and backwards on each side, so as to join the temple bones. The temple bones join the walls, or sides, and the forehead.

        The Os Ethmoides, or bone full of holes, is a very curious bone, situated on the inside of the head, or rather forehead. It is a light spongy bone, having somewhat the appearance of net-work.

        The Os spenoides, or bone of wedge-like form, spreads across the inside of the head, and attaches itself to fourteen other bones.


Page 9

        The Os occipitis, is the hind part of the head, and joins the neck bone; it is a very thick but uneven bone. It supports the hind part of the brain, and through it passes the marrow of the neck and back, called the spinal marrow. All the preceding bones are joined together by seams, which in appearance resemble saw-teeth.

        The face is next in order, in which are many small bones. It has six bones on each side; and they all have seams similar to those of the skull, only smaller.

        The nose bones, ossa nasi, are the two bones which form the nose, and meet together by two thin edges, without any indentations.

        The upper jaw bones, ossa maxillaria superiora, which are large, and form the basis of the face. They extend upwards, and form the side of the nose, and they send backward a kind of plate, that makes the roof of the mouth. A circular projection below, makes the sockets for the teeth.

        The Vomer, a plough-shear, completes the nose.

        The cheek bone, os malae, is the high bone that forms the cheek.

        The lower jaw-bone, os maxillae inferioris, has but two joints, those under each ear.

        The spine, or back-bone, comes next in order. This is a long line of bones, extending from the back of the head to the end of the body. It has twenty bones, or joints, called vertebra. The neck part has seven joints, vertebra; the back twelve, and the loins five; making in all, twenty-four separate bones. In some persons the neck has eight pieces, the back eleven, and the loins six. Some persons, with very short necks, only have five pieces in the neck, and the number made up in the loins. The same marrow runs from the back of the head to the lower end of the spine.

SHOULDER BLADE--(Scapula.)--

        The shape and situation of this bone is so well known, that it needs no explanation. It is not connected to the trunk by ligaments, but has several muscular substances between it and the trunk.

COLLAR BONE--(Clavsile.)--

        This is perhaps the strongest bone in the system, to its size. It is placed at the lower part of the neck, and reaches from the upper part of the breast bone to the point of the shoulder. It is fastened


Page 10

by grisly substances--cartilages, and rolls with ease on any exertion of the breast and shoulder.

UPPER BONE OF THE ARM--(Os Humeri.)--

        This bone has a cylindric form, but at the lower end it is twisted and flattened a little. This flatness joint it to the elbow in a hinge-like form, so that the joins has but one direction of moving. At the shoulder it has a large round head, which enables it to turn in every direction. On the top of the head, this bone, though circular, is nearly flat, and has but a very shallow cavity to turn in; consequently it is a very weak joint to its size, and easily dislocated.

LOWER PART OF THE ARM--(Radius and Ulna.)--

        The lower part of the arm, from the elbow to the wrist, has two bones in it. The main bone has its largest end downwards, joining the wrist next to the thumb, while the little end is upwards, lying on the ulna, where the ulna joins the large bone of the arm at the elbow. The radius gives all turning motions to the wrists. It is a stronger bone than the ulna, and is somewhat arched in its shape. The upper end of this bone is small, of a button like shape, and is joined both with the large bone and the ulna. This bone gives more strength than the ulna to that part of the arm, particularly to the wrist.

THE ULNA OR ELBOW--(a measure.)

         By this bone we perform all the actions of bending and extension. It is of a triangular form, and is so firmly attached to the upper bone of the arm, (os humeri) that it allows no lateral or side motion.

BONES OF THE HAND AND FINGERS.--

        The wrist bones are eight in number. They are situated between the end of the arm bones and the bones of the hand: they are very short, and are bound together very strongly, by cross ligaments, and closely compressed together, so as to form a ball-like figure, each having separate ends or joints: there are five bones between the wrist and fingers--they start out from the wrist, each one extends to its finger respectfully: they are all nearly straight round bones, without joints, tolerably large and very strong: the fingers all have three joints, the thumb has two.

THE BREAST BONE--(Sternum.)--

        This bone lies exactly


Page 11

in the front part of the breast. It is a light spongy bone. In children, and in some to the age of five or six years old, this bone consists of eight distinct pieces, which in old persons become one solid bone: they are a little hollowed at the upper end, and on each upper corner, it has a joining or articulating hollow, at which place the ends of the collar bones are fastened by strong ligaments. Each side of this bone is so formed, as to receive all the ends of the ribs on their respective sides.

THE RIBS.--

        There are twelve ribs on each side of the breast or chest, corresponding in number with the vertebra, or joints, in that part of the spine, or back-bone. Seven are called line ribs, because they join the breast-bone: the other five are vulgarly called short ribs, but by anatomists false ribs, because they do not join the breast-bone: the ribs are connected with the breast-bone with cartilages, and to the back-bone by joints.

BONES BELONGING TO THE BASIN--(Pelvis.)--

        This part is formed of very strong, firm bones, standing in a kind of arch between the main trunk and the lower extremities. Each bone is large, and affords large strong sockets for the thigh bones. In grown persons it contains four bones: --the Os sacrum, the Os coccygis, and the two ossa innominata.

        The Os sacrum and the Os coccygis, is called the false spine, or column, the point of them runs downwards, and the largest part is upwards. It runs along that part of the system vulgarly called the rump. Os coccygis (cuckoo's bill,) is the lower end of the back-bone. It tapers from the Os sacrum, or rump bone, to its termination, so as to form a sharp point. It is a little crooked and flattish, so as to support the lower gut, (rectum) bladder, and womb: it is very flexible, and recedes in time of labor with women, so as greatly to facilitate the passage of the child's head; and when labor is over, it returns to its proper position without difficulty.

        The two Ossa innominata, or nameless bones, are two great bones that make the two sides of the basin, or pelvis. The Os Ilium is the greatest part of these bones. It extends up in a sort of wing from the pelvis, or basin, and is covered with the muscles that move the thighs.


Page 12

        The hip-bone, (Os ischium) lies directly under the flank bone, (Os ilium) and is the lowest point of the basin, or pelvis, vulgarly called the buttock, being the point on which we sit.

        The share-bone, (Os pubis,) is the smallest piece belonging to the nameless bones, (Ossa innominata.) It completes the front part of the brim of the basin (pelvis.)

THIGH BONE--Os Femoris.--

        This is the largest, longest, and most cylindrical bone belonging to the human anatomy. It joins the hip in a way that gives it strength. It is very hard to dislocate, or put in place. It has a regular bend from nearly one end to the other; the bending side being towards the front of the thigh:--this is the strongest joint in the body.

        The leg bones, two in number, called by anatomists Tibia and Fibula. The tibia is the largest of the two leg bones, and is situated on the inside part of the leg. It is of a triangular form, with the upper end somewhat flattened: the fibula is on the outside of the tibia, and makes the outward lump of the ankle.

THE KNEE PAN--(Rotella or Patella.--

        Is a small roundish bone, tolerably thick: it is attached to the tubercle of the tibia by very strong ligaments.

INSTEP OR ANKLE--(Tarsus.)--

        The ankle is composed of seven bones, which lie between the leg and foot. They are bound together by ligaments, in a manner similar to those of the wrist. One of them forms the heel, and is called the heel bone--(Os calcis.) There are five bones between the ankles and toes: they join the ankle and toes in a similar manner to the hand bones.

        I have now described the shape and position of such bones as are most liable to dislocation and injury: the next subject will be the internal parts of the human system.

THE BRAIN.

        The brain is the great sensorium of the system, and has a communication through the nerves with the whole body. It receives all impressions made upon any of the organs of sense, and is really the seat of sensation. It is here that all the impressions made upon the organs of sense, are


Page 13

manufactured into ideas. But in what manner the brain performs this, or what connection it has with the mind, is a mystery in which the researches of physiologists, and the deductions of metaphysicians, have hitherto been unable to reflect any light. "The most, or in fact all that is known on the subject is, that the mind acquires all its ideas of external objects through impressions made by these objects on the organs of sense. These impressions are conveyed to the brain by the nerves, and produce what is called sensation, which is the passive reception of the image of the archetype, or pattern of the idea upon the brain, and in some unknown manner, the perception is conveyed to the mind."

        The brain is situated in the upper cavity of the head. It is divided into two grand divisions, which are called:

  • 1. The seat of imagination--cerebrum.
  • 2. The seat of animal spirits--cerebellum.

        There are several other smaller divisions.

        "The brain is larger in man than any other known animal. Its general weight is from two pounds five and a half ounces, to three pounds three and three-quarter ounces: many however, weigh four pounds. The brain of Lord Byron (without its membranes) weighed 6 pounds."

        The spinal marrow is only a continuation of the substance of the brain, through the cavity of the spine or back-bone.

THE TONGUE--(Lingua.)--

        The tongue is composed of small muscular fibres; it is coursed with little reddish pimples, which are the ends, or terminations of nerves, it is the impression made on these nerves that produces that pleasurable sensation called taste.

THE WIND-PIPE--(Trachea.)--

        This is a rough canal, through which the air passes from the mouth to the lights, (lungs) in breathing. It lies in front of the swallow. (esophagus) and every thing taken into the stomach, passes directly over the mouth of the wind-pipe; but it has a kind of lid or valve, that shuts or closes over it in the act of swallowing, (deglutition.) At or near the lungs it forks, or branches off, so as to convey the air into the lungs.

THE LIGHTS--(Lungs.)--

        The lungs are situated in the chest, thorax). The thorax, or chest, is lined with a smooth shining membrane, denominated the pleura, which


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is the seat of, and gives name to the Pleurisy. The pleura forms two distinct apartments in the chest, two sides of which meeting, attach to the inner edge of the spine, or back-bone, and reaching from thence to the breast bone, form the partition called the mediastinum. The lungs are divided into two lobes or portions, and situated one in the right, and the other in the left side of the breast, in the above named apartments. They join the wind-pipe, trachea, in the upper part of the breast. They are attached to the heart by the pulmonary vessels. They are full of little tubes, which communicate with the external atmosphere through the wind-pipe.

        The most important, and perhaps the only function of the lungs is that of breathing, respiration, which is simply inhaling the air into the lungs, and expelling it from them.

THE HEART.--

        The heart is situated in the chest, or thorax, near the centre of the human body, with its main base placed a little on the right of the back-bone, and its point standing obliquely to the sixth rib, on the left side. As it lies in this oblique position, its under side or surface, is in contact with the diaphragm. It is so placed between the arteries and veins, as to regulate their relative action, in propelling the blood through the arteries, and receiving it through the veins. It is divided into two cavities, which are distinguished by the names of right and left ventricles. There are two other hollow muscles denominated auricles: the heart possesses the power of dilating and contracting, which is technically denominated the systole and diastole motion. By this operation it first receives the venous blood into its cavities, and then forces it into the arteries, by which it is carried to every part of the body. This motion continues day and night, awake or asleep, during the whole period of our lives. The number of these motions in a given period, is modified or governed by age, or by disease. In infancy the number is greatest, being from one hundred and thirty, to one hundred and forty; in manhood, from seventy to eighty; in old age, from fifty-five to sixty-five, in a minute. Most inflamatory diseases stimulate the muscles of the heart, and accelerate its motion. It is this power that rolls the "precious fluid" of life thro' every channel in the system, with the constancy of a perennial


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fountain. "While the vital spark remains, the HEART with untiring assiduity, plies the wheels of life, unfatigued with its ceaseless labor; and is neither lulled into stupidity by the torpor of sleep, nor decoyed into remissness by the enchantment of pleasure." It performs two circulations at the same time; that with the lungs, and that with the body. From the lungs it receives nothing but pure blood, and to the body it sends out such as is fit for its support.

THE SWALLOW--[Esophagus.]

         This is a canal or tube, commencing at the mouth, and running downwards to the stomach, which it joins, and into which it empties the food. It lies close to the back-bone, behind the wind-pipe, and passes through the diaphragm.

        The Diaphragm, or midriff, is a muscular substance, composed of two muscles; the upper one of which originates at the breast bone, and at the ends of the last ribs on each side: the second muscle starts at the back-bone of the loins; it is covered on its under side by the peritoneum, and on the upper side with the pleura. The gullet, great run, and several other vessels, pass through the diaphragm.

THE LIVER--(Haper.)--

        The liver is situated immediately below the diaphragm to which it is attached. It is the largest organ in the system: it is divided into two principal lobes, the right of which is much the largest: the liver is connected with the gall bladder, (bile,) and billiary vessels; its office appears to be that of secreting the bile from the blood, which is necessary in the digestion of food. A portion of the bile is regularly thrown through the vessels of the liver and gall bladder, into the stomach.

        The gall bladder, vesicula fellis, is attached to the liver, and lies in a cavity of the liver, on the under side. It is of an oblong form, and appears to be for the purpose of containing the bile, until the proper time for it to be thrown into the stomach:--the bile is conveyed from the gall bladder into the first portion of the small intestines, called duodenum, and from thence into the stomach.

THE STOMACH--[Stomachus.]--

        The stomach is a large membranous substance, of an oblong, bag-like shape. Its most important use is to receive the masticated food, and retain it until the process of digestion is so far completed


Page 16

as to reduce the food to a pulpy, semi-fluid mass, called chyme. When digestion is so far advanced as to convert the food into chyme, [pronounced kime,] it is poured into the duodenum, where it mixes with the panchreatic juice. From this mass, the absorbent vessels, called lacteals, obtain a white opake fluid termed chyle [pronounced kile.] Digestion is principally effected by the solvent powers of the gastric juice, which is a fluid secreted in the stomach. The solution of the food by the gastric juice, is supposed to be a chemical process decomposing it, and separating it into its elementary principles. The stomach may justly be considered one of the most important organs in the animal economy.

THE MELT--(Spleen.)--

        This is not a vital part, as the other organs are, which have just been described. It has been removed from both man and beast, without the least apparent injury. It is attached to the stomach, and lies mostly in the left side.

The caul fat (omentum)

         is situated under the membrane--peritoneum, that lines the belly, and above the intestines, it is a white gauzy looking substance, it assists in forming the bile, serves to guard the internal parts against cold--lubricates and softens such parts as are connected with it, and in a state of starvation it supports the system. This is one reason why a fat animal can sustain life so long without food. It is very beautiful, and rather singular in its appearance; it resembles a white piece of fine net work, that had been carelessly tossed down in a half folded position.

The pancreas --

        a flesh organ--is situated under the stomach. It is of an irregular oblong form, by some compared to a dog's tongue. It is composed of glands, veins, nerves and little ducts or vessels, also something of a fleshy consistence. Its use appears to be that of secreting the juice that is to be mixed with the chyle.

INTESTINES OR GUTS--[Intestinum.]--

        The intestines comprehend the whole tube, from the stomach to the fundament; their office is to receive all the food--retain it according to the laws of nature, and then pass off the crude or excrementitious part, according to the same.


Page 17

THE KIDNEYS.--

        The kidneys are situated outside of the lining of the belly, near the back-bone, and on each side: they are of a dull red color: it is their province to secrete the urine from the blood. Each kidney receives a large artery, which proceeds immediately from the darta; and a vein issuing from each kidney, returns the blood to the vena cava, after its superabundance of water has been separated from it. The urine is first secreted or collected in them, and excreted or thrown out, through the two canals called ureters, into the bladder. The ureters are about the size of a small goose quill. The kidneys are subject to derangement in the performance of their office, in two ways: First, the secretion may be checked, and a proper quantity of fluid not be carried off: and secondly, its secretion may be too active, and carry off too much of the fluids.

THE BLADDER--(Vesica Urinari Cystis.)--

        The water bladder lies in the front part of the abdomen, within the basin. Its office is to receive the water, or urine, which is collected in the kidneys, through the ureters; the urine is next discharged by the neck of the bladder, through the urinary canal (urethra) which reaches from the neck of the bladder, to the end of the privates. The muscles at the neck of the bladder are possessed of very strong contractive powers, by which the bladder is enabled to retain the urine the natural length of time.

NERVES.--

        The nerves are small white fibres: they all have their origin in the brain and spinal marrow: those which issue from the brain, are called cerebral, and are the organs of sensation: it is their province to convey impressions to the brain from all parts of the system:--those issuing from the marrow of the spine, are termed spinal; it is their province to communicate the power of motion to the muscles. The nerves all issue in pairs: there are usually reckoned forty pair of nerves, nine of which have their origin in the brain, and thirty-one in the spinal marrow. It is by means of those that issue from the brain, that we hear, see, taste smell and feel; or in other words, they convey to the brain, the impressions received by the five organs of sense, in the act of seeing; feeling, hearing, tasting and smelling. A chord of nerves accompanies every


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artery tolerably close. It is supposed that each fibre of the nerves, is a canal or tube, through which the nervous fluids pass, and communicate with each other, similar to the blood vessels.

THE ARTERIES--(Arteria.)--

        The arteries are two in number: First, the great artery, dorta; second, the artery of the lungs, (pulmonary artery.) The great artery dorta, originates at the left ventricle or cavity of the heart, and is the greatest blood vessel in the body:--the pulmonary artery starts from the right cavity of the heart; all others are nothing more than branches of these:--the blood is thrown out from the heart, through the arteries, to every part of the body. As the blood passes through the arteries, the absorbent vessels of every part of the system, receive their respective portions of the nutritious properties of the blood. The arteries gradually become smaller as they proceed from the heart, and terminate in the veins through the capillary vessels: these little vessels connect the arteries and veins:--the arteries are susceptible of considerable dilation and elongation, which takes place when the blood is forced into the dorta by the contraction of the heart, and when the action of the heart ceases, the effort of the artery to return to its usual dimension, keeps a constant motion of the blood along the arteries, during the dilation of the heart to receive another portion of blood, which by the contraction of the heart, is again driven into the dorta, and thus the vital tide is kept in motion. The dorta has a valve at its orifice, or opening into the heart, which readily admits the passage of the blood from the heart into the artery, but prevents its return from the artery into the heart:--the blood when it leaves the heart is of a bright red color, but as it returns through the veins to the heart, is of a dark purple color.

THE VEINS.--

        All have their origin or commencement, at the ends of the arteries as I before stated:--the veins as they proceed from the extremities toward the heart, become larger by numerous branches intercepting each other and uniting, until they are all concentrated in two canals, termed vena cava. The veins have no pulsation as the arteries have; but in them the blood moves smoothly and slowly on; it is forced through the veins by a contractile power which they possess; and as the blood has mostly


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to run upwards in the veins, they are supplied with little valves, similar to those of a force pump, so that as the blood ascends in the veins, the lid (valve) gives way till the blood passes, then shuts or closes the place, so that no blood can fall back. The blood in passing through the lungs undergoes a great change; when it enters the lungs it is of a dark purple color, but when it leaves them and returns to the heart, it is of a bright red color: this change is produced by the air inhaled into the lungs. The blood in passing through the numerous delicate vessels in the lungs, absorbs oxygen from the air; and the air abstracts carbon from the blood. When the air is exhaled from the lungs, a great portion of its oxygen has disappeared, and carbon is found in its place:--the blood supplied with oxygen and relieved from its superabundance of carbon, is essentially revived, and sets out again, to distribute its fresh supply of nutrition and stimulous, to the different parts of the system.

THE MUSCLES.--

        These serve to perfect the form and complete the symetry of the body, but their most important use is to act upon the bones and produce animal motion: they terminate at the ends in grisly substances, by which they are fastened to the various parts of the system. Each muscle consists of a distinct portion of flesh, and has the power of contraction and relaxation: they are all in pairs except nine: there are reckoned one hundred and ninety-eight pair in the human system; this estimation makes the number of muscles four hundred and five.

THE GLANDS.--

        The glands are composed of blood vessels nerves, and absorbents. They are distinguished according to the nature of their fluid contents, into mucous, sebaceous, lymphatic, lacrymal and salival glands.

        The mucous glands are situated in the nose, back part of the mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, bladder, &c, and secrete (which means to separate from the blood) mucous, for the purpose of moistening all the internal surfaces that need moisture.

        The sebaceous glands are situated in the arm-pits, face pubes, &c.: they secrete an oily substance.

        The lymphatic glands are situated in the arm-pits, mesentary, groin, &c.


Page 20

        The salival glands are situated about the root of the tongue and angle of the jaw: they secrete the substance called saliva or spittle, which is discharged into the mouth.

        The lacrymal glands are situated above the outer corners of the eyes: they secrete the fluid called tears, which serves to moisten the eyes and aid in expelling any extraneous matter from them. Grief and sometimes joy, operates in some unknown manner on the lachrymal glands, so as to produce a copious flow of the lachryma, or tears.

BREASTS OF FEMALES--[Mammæ.]--

        The breasts of females are also regarded as glandular bodies: they are composed of a vast number of small ducts or vessels, which secrete the milk from the blood. The vessels which secrete the milk as they approach the nipple, fall into each other and form eight or ten large tubes, which are so admirably connected, that if anything obstructs the passage of the milk through one of these, it is discharged through the others without inconvenience.

JOINTS, GRISTLES--[Cartilages.]--

        The joints (articulations) are fastened together with white gristly substances called cartilages: they are of the same texture and nature of the sinews and tendons: they are very strong and lasting.

JOINT WATER--(Synovia.)--

        This is a new kind of oily substance that is contained in the joints, for the purpose of lubricating them: it greatly facilitates their motion; but if this juice or synovial water be extracted or discharged, by a cut or otherwise, it never can be restored, but the joint will remain stiff.

THE SINEWS--(Tendons.)--

        By anatomists, the sinews or leaders, are called the terminations or extremities of the muscles. They are white gristly substances, very strong, and may be split into the finest threads imaginable.--They are very nearly the same in the human system as in animals. They were employed by the aboriginees of our country, in making moccasins, belts, &c., after splitting them to the proper size.


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CHAPTER TWO.
The art of preserving Health without the use of MEDICINES.

        The enjoyment of perfect health, is certainly one of the greatest earthly blessings that falls to the lot of mortals. Without health, honor, title, wealth, beauty, the kindness of friendship and the tenderness of affection, are all insufficient to render man even comfortable. All these blessings fail to relieve the pangs of disease, and give a relish to the affairs of life. The vast importance of health will render a short treatise on its preservation an acceptable article in this work. It will doubtless be readily acknowledged by all, that it is much better to shun or avoid disease, than to remove or overcome it after it has once taken hold on the system; and as the greatest number of our diseases and infirmities are the fruits of infringements on healthy laws of nature, how earnestly should we be engaged in correcting and avoiding those infringements. Man, in the early days of nature, lived in a state of perfect health, both in body and in mind. The friendly hand of nature gave him sustenance, without labor or toil, and nature's beverage quenched his thirst without the aid of spirituous liquors. Protected by the immediate presence of the Almighty, innocent of any violation of his law--living in the full enjoyment of his benevolence, man was happy. But alas! we now view him in a fallen state: he has transgressed the sacred laws of his Creator, God, and incurred the penalties annexed to his transgression. "His days are shortened and encumbered with disease." What a solemn thought, and how anxiously engaged should we be to change our condition; and how careful should we be to guard against evil by a temperate course in all things.--Health can only be secured and retained by temperate habits; it is a jewel, generally found in the possession of those only who have "moral firmness enough to curb their lust, check their appetites, control their passions, and submit to the regulations of virtuous and temperate habits.--Irregularity and intemperance in eating, drinking, sleeping and exercise, lays the foundation of most diseases with which the human family is afflicted.


                         "Would you extend your narrow span,
                         And make the most of life you can;
                         Would you when medicines cannot save,
                         Descend with ease into the grave?
                         Calmly retire like evening light!
                         And cheerful bid the world good-night,
                         Let virtue and temperance preside.
                         Our best physician, friend & guide."


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SECTION I.
OF AIR.

        Much might be said relative to the different gasses which compose the atmosphere, or air; for it is not as many persons suppose, a simple element, but is composed of unequal portions of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid. But as a scientific treatise on this subject properly belongs to the chemist, I will leave the subject with him, and confine my observations more particularly to the effects which the different states of the atmosphere has on the body.

        Air is rendered impure and unwholesome in many ways; such air should be avoided as much as practicable. The air in cities, crowded assemblies, whether in-doors or out, is not wholesome. That in deep wells, damp cellars, close dungeons, caves, &c., is apt to become infected. Many persons have instantly expired on going down into deep wells or caves, where air composed of undue proportions of the above named gasses had settled. It may readily be ascertained whether a well or cave contains such air, by putting in them a lighted candle. If the candle continues to burn, the air is composed of such proportions of the different gasses, as is necessary for the support of animal life, and may be entered with safety; but if the candle goes out, the air is not such as will support animal life, but will produce instantaneous death. Air confined in close apartments where there is hot fires, is pernicious to health. Many persons injure their health by sitting or lying in rooms kept hot by large fires and not sufficiently ventilated, or dried. Air extremely hot or cold, is equally avoided, and should be equally avoided, particularly by persons of delicate constitutions. Night air is very pernicious to health, as is also the air between sunset and dark.

        The body may be comfortably clad, and yet much injury to the health be sustained by exposure to a damp cold atmosphere; for it should always be remembered that it is equally dangerous to inhale it into the lungs, as to admit its free access to the external surface of the body; the consumptive and asthmatic should bear this well in mind, if they would value their own safety.

        Dry air moderately cool, is the most salubrious bath to the healthy and infirm. A strong current of air should always


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be avoided. Never sit or lie in a current of air passing through a window or door, especially while warm; it checks perspiration, chills the blood, and often lays the foundation of incurable diseases.

SECTION II.
EXERCISES.--

        Moderate and regular exercise is as essential to the preservation of health, as food is to the support of our bodies. It keeps up a regular circulation of the fluids, aids digestion, promotes the necessary secretions and excretions, and invigorates the frame. It prepares the body to be refreshed with sleep, and makes even the bed of straw or the hunter's blanket pleasant: "it furnishes an appetite that relishes plain and wholesome food, and preserves the healthy tone of the digestive organs. It gives clearness to the brain, vivacity to the spirits, cheerfulness to the mind, and elasticity to the whole system."

        Exercise increases the strength of our nerves, of our muscles, of our sinews, and invigorates every fibre of the whole system. To prove this, we have only to turn our attention to the aboriginees of America. They spent their lives in the active pursuits of the chase in the open air; their diet and dress were of the simplest kind; they rose from their blankets at the dawn of morn, after having enjoyed a refreshing nights sleep, and prepared themselves for their homely but wholesome repast by active exercise in the open air. A knowledge of their habits, lives, diseases, &c., will also show that exercise is a great guarantee against a host of diseases with which the "pale-face" is so often afflicted, but is seldom found in the wig-wams of the "red man." Among these are Consumption, liver complaints, dyspepsy, hysterics, and many others too tedious to mention. Exercise is necessary from infancy. Only look at country children, who are accustomed to exercise and industry, how much more active and stout they are, than those of large towns, where they are cooped up in small rooms. Also look at the rich and indolent, and those who labor for their living. While the opulent and idle complain of ill-feeling and nervous weakness, the man of moderate exercise is vigorous, his appetite good, his sleep refreshing, and his mind cheerful. More than half of the female diseases, especially such as are connected


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with hysterics and nervous affections, arise from want of due exercise in the open and pure air.


                         "How sweet at early dawn to rise,
                         And view the glories of the skies;
                         To mark with curious eye the sun,
                         Begin his radiant course to run;
                         Her fairest form then nature wears,
                         And clad in brightest green appears.
                         Nor you, ye delicate and fair,
                         Neglect to taste the morning air,
                         It will your nerves with vigor brace.
                         Improve and heighten every grace;
                         Add to your breath a rich perfume,
                         And to your cheeks a fairer bloom;
                         With lustre teach your eyes to glow,
                         And health and cheerfulness bestow.'

        Exercise not only preserves health and prevents disease, but aids greatly in relieving diseases even of the most obstinate character. Without exercise, medicine will fail to have the desired effect in a great measure.

SECTION III.
OF SLEEP.--

        It is impossible for us to enjoy good health, unless blessed with sound and refreshing sleep, for without this tender nurse of weary nature, the whole frame is thrown into disorder, and the mind is much confused and weakened. When we are asleep, all the voluntary powers, such as seeing, hearing, feeling, &c., are in a state of suspension, or rest, while on the other hand, the involuntary powers, the circulation, digestion, &c., are increased, both in regularity and activity. A more uniform circulation is kept up throughout the system when asleep than when awake. I have often heard persons remark, with some degree of astonishment, that they would immediately begin to sweat on lying down and going to sleep in daytime; whereas, they might lie awake for hours on the same bed and not sweat. The cause is obvious, our several senses are at rest, and the circulation increased. The principal directions necessary to be given on this subject, are to take a proper portion of sleep at seasonable hours. The quantity of sleep necessary for each person every twenty-four hours, is hard to decide: it requires much more for some than for others. When a person rises in the morning, and does not feel refreshed, he may rest assured that he has slept too much or not enough. The best rule is to ascertain how much sleep you really need, and when you have obtained that quantum, rise from your bed immediately, and not lie dosing, and try to force yourself into sleep contrary to nature, for too much sleep and too little exercise, produce languor and debility: the nerves become


Page 25

relaxed, the flesh flabby and soft. Feather beds are unhealthy, especially in warm weather. A straw bed or matrass is much better for the health than feathers. A person wishing to enjoy good health should never retire to bed immediately after eating a hearty meal.

SECTION IV.
CLOTHING.--

        Clothing should be suited to the age, constitution, and seasons. It should not be too warm in summer nor too cold in winter. All kinds of clothing should be made loose and easy, so as not to bind or cramp any part of the body: every attempt to give a good form by clothing is not only foolish in itself, but absolutely pernicious to health. Tight lacing not only obstructs the general circulation of the fluids, but oppresses the motion of the heart and lungs, and retards the wheels of life in the performance of their vital functions. The effects of tight lacing are bad health, coughs, indigestion, pleurisy, liver complaints, consumptions, &c.

        Young persons need not be so warmly clothed as those who have passed the meridian of life. The weakly and those bordering on old age, should wear flannel. Wet and damp clothes should be particularly avoided: no fresh clothing should be put on without airing by the fire, no odds how long since it was washed. Many young persons injure their health by putting on damp clothes, lying on damp sheets, &c. Here much rests with their mothers; for such carelessness seldom fails to destroy the health, and often seats some incurable disease on the system.--These remarks are particularly applicable to young ladies who so often, when in a hurry, dressing for balls, churches, &c., risk their health and even lives, by putting on damp dressing, stockings, &c.

SECTION V.
OF FOOD AND DRINK.--

        We cannot live without food and drink, and some attention to the quality of both food and drink, is essential to health. It would, however, be impossible to specify in this short work, the effects of every kind of diet, or to designate the quantity or kind of food, which will be most beneficial to the different constitutions.


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"Diet may not only change the constitution, but it has been known to cure diseases, and it has this advantage over medicine, it is not disagreeable to take." Different constitutions require different quantities and qualities of food. The best directions that can here be given, are to be moderate as to quantity, and let the food be plain and simple, use only such diet as agrees with the stomach.--Eating of a single dish at a meal, is more healthy than indulging in a great variety. A diet composed of a proper mixture of vegetable and animal substances, will probably be found most nutricious and salubrious. Rich sauces, high seasoned provisions, where a variety of ingredients are intermingled, overload the stomach, and tend to produce dyspepsy. The flesh of young animals is more nutricious, and easier to digest than that of old ones. Persons whose constitutions are weak, ought to avoid eating food that is tough and indigestible. All rational persons who have arrived at mature age, are sufficiently acquainted with themselves, to know by a little attention what kinds and qualities of diets best agree with them: they should use such diets, and at such times as best agree with them; and if heads of families, they should pay some attention to what kinds of diets best agree with its different branches.

        The best rules for eating, are to have your meals regularly, never fast too long or eat heavy suppers. Long fasts produce cholic, sick head-ache, costiveness, &c.--Break fast and dinner should be something substantial, supper should be light, and we should never lie down immediaely after eating.

        As to drinks, pure water is of the utmost importance to health. Many persons think that it is pernicious to health to drink water before breakfast, but this is certainly a mistake. A reasonable portion of water taken before breakfast, prepares the stomach for food and facilitates digestion. Water however should never be drank in large quantities when over heated, as it is apt to produce disease, and sometimes immediate death. Coffee, tea, chocolate and milk, are all wholesome for such persons as they agree with, but must be decided by experience, as every person is best calculated to judge for himself.


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SECTION VI.
OF CLEANLINESS.--

        Cleanliness is too great a preservative of health, to be overlooked in a treatise on the art of preserving it. It clears the skin of impurities, and promotes perspiration; it will even, in many instances, cure cutaneous diseases: it prevents the communication of infection. In towns it should be the object of public attention, as many diseases owe their origin, as well as virulency, to the neglect of it.

        Cleanliness, though not a virtue in itself, approaches that character, and should be observed with the greatest scrupulosity, and appreciated almost as a virtue. It is necessary to decency--it affords personal comfort, and is one means of rendering us acceptable to society. It is an evidence of gentility, regarded as necessary by the higher ranks of society, and is an ornament to every class; and without it neither health nor respectability can be long maintained. It is praiseworthy among those who enjoy good health, and still more important to those who are afflicted.

        Cleanliness of the body is to be effected by changing the dress at proper periods, and by washing its surface. Frequent bathing braces the nerves and vivifies the spirits.--Bathing is a powerful preserver and restorer of health; it softens and cleanses the skin, opens the pores, promotes perspiration, and invigorates the whole system.

SECTION VII.
OF THE PASSIONS.--

        Man is a complicated machine, his soul and body mutually affecting each other. Much has been and might still be written on this subject: but as I do not intend entering into a general or scientific dissertation on the passions, I will confine my remarks to their influence on the physical system. The influence of the passions on the human system have long been observed, and sometimes remarkable cures have been effected by operating only on the mind. The restoration of tranquility and the diffusion of contentment and serenity, is often necessary, in order to give medicines a fair opportunity of having their accustomed efficacy. The subordinate indulgence of passion, frequently induces disease of a stubborn


Page 28

character, by destroying the power of digestion, enfeebling the circulation, affecting the brain and nervous system, &c. &c. But how mind and matter reciprocally act on each other, is a mystery which I leave to be developed by the researches of the profound philosopher.--When passions run counter to reason and religion, they produce the most frightful catastrophes. "When passion reigns reason is dethroned."

        Young persons should early be taught to control their passions, as "the early management and control of the passions by a proper education, is the best guard against their mischievous effects at any period of life. When the habit is once established, their control then becomes comparatively easy; but when the curb of piety, reason or habit is not put on them, the ordinary excitements of unexpected circumstances, spurs them into a gallop."

OF ANGER.--

        Anger is a sudden emotion of displeasure, excited by some supposed or real injury, offered either to our persons, characters or rights. Although anger is one of the most powerful and dangerous passions, both to ourselves and to the object of our wrath, yet we have as much or more power in governing it, than any other of the passions, to a certain extent. The intensity of this passion does not depend entirely upon the magnitude of the insult received, but also upon the pride, or rather vanity, of the individual who receives it. When an individual who has an exalted or overrated opinion of his own dignity and importance receives an insult, his vanity, like a magnifying glass, enlarges it into the most aggravated injury, and consequently, his ready resentment will equal the supposed magnitude of the offence. Persons addicted to violent and unrestrained fits of anger, are too often induced by the irritation of the moment, to perpetrate acts of the most alarming and outrageous character. Such deeds of rashness lead to the prison, and even the gallows.

        Anger is a disease of the mind, a short-lived insanity, producing the rashest, maddest deeds of folly. This is the passion which has raised up nation against nation, which has destroyed millions of the human race, and desolated whole countries. It is even sometimes seen to deform the maiden cheek with a frown. It disqualifies its subjects for all kinds of business, or social intercourse with his fellow


Page 29

beings, and renders him miserable to himself and his associates. The storms of this passion have in some instances been so violent, as to produce immedtate death. Every passion grows by indulgence, and anger when unrestrained, is apt to degenerate into cruelty; and as self government and habit are the best preventatives of this dreadful and frightful monster, how early and cautious should examples of mildness and good humor be set before children by their parents. They should be taught to control this passion above all other things, for you may plainly observe the pernicious effects which anger produces on a child when indulged in it, as well as on a person of mature age.

        "The exercise of patience is not only a duty, the performance of which prevents all the deleterious effects of anger, but it is an infallible mark of a great and dignified soul." Due attention to the formation of our habits will readily bring this passion under the salutary restraints of prudence and reason; but if suffered to rage without restraint, and to be blown into a flame on every occasion, it soon becomes ungovernable.

OF HATRED.--

        This detestable passion is the voluntary fruit of a depraved soul: it is a voluntary and deep-rooted dislike, that seems to have its seat in the angry passions of the heart. Hatred is not in general, in consequence of provocation:--the object is not hated because it is odious, but because it interferes with inclination, &c. Hatred is a degrading passion; it is not contented with merely wishing evil to the objects of its fiendish malignity, but derives its only pleasure from their misery and destruction. Hatred has very appropriately been termed the "Bane of peace--the ulcer of the soul."


                         "When hatred is in a bosom nursed,
                         Peace cannot reside in a dwelling so accursed."

        This detestable passion when permitted to occupy a place in the human breast, will soon make room for its sister passions--Envy. Slander, their offspring, will soon follow. Slander, whose mouth is ever full of lies, is truly said to be the "foulest whelp of sin." Enmity, ill-will, ranchor, malice and spite, are modifications of this base passion--Anger. They seek the misery, and are delighted in the misfortunes and destruction of their objects. Aversion,


Page 30

detestation and the like, when kept in proper bounds, are allowable emotions of the soul; they are not personal feelings, directed against the object independent and regardless of its qualities, but they are emotions produced by actions or things:--thus the virtuous and honorable, detest the base, the treacherous, &c. Hatred, operating as it does upon the mind, cannot fail to injure the body. It destroys the happiness, and consequently impairs the health.

ENVY.--

        Envy, like hatred, is a low, degrading, and detestable passion. It is ever blind to the virtues and accomplishments of others, but quick-sighted in detecting imperfections that none else can see. Envy, like anger. is the bane of peace, the ulcer of the soul. Solomon says "Envy is the rottenness of the bones." It is a sensation of uneasiness, accompanied with malignity, excited by the superior accomplishments or advantages of a rival. It has its seat or root in an overrated self-love and thirst for praise, desiring to be esteemed superior to others, without efforts to merit such esteem. It never seeks to excel a rival by the practice of virtues superior to his, but labors to degrade him to its own level. The means employed to accomplish this vile purpose, is Slander, and thus the three enemies to all the fair forms of truth, honor, peace and happiness, unite their fiendish powers to destroy both soul and body.


                         "Envy commands a secret band.
                         With sword and poison in his hand;
                         Around his haggard eye balls roll,
                         A thousand fiends possess his soul.
                         The hellish unsuspected sprite,
                         With fatal aim attacks by night,
                         His troops advance with silent tread,
                         And stab the hero in his bed.
                         Or shoot the wing'd malignant lie,
                         And female honors pine or die."

AVARICE.--

        I copy the following able piece on this subject from the writings of A. H. Mathes:

        Avarice is a sordid passion. It is a craving anxiety after property; a rapacity in getting, and a tenacity in holding it. It is a grovelling passion, that seeks for happiness beneath the skies, and expects to realize, by hoarding up perishing dust, permanent enjoyments. When this sordid passion fakes possession of the heart, farewell all sentiments of honor--all correct notions of honesty, the only rule of right, and measure of wrong with the miser in his own interest: no other argument can reach his selfish


Page 31

soul. Farewell to all natural affections, and all the objects of gratitude; it wrests the last drop of humanity from the bosom, and strips it of the last feeling of compassion. The shrill cry of justice, or the deep groans of want, are notes equally beyond his compass. He can behold misfortune's most afflicted sons, driven by adversity's fiercest gale, wrecked on the ocean of poverty, with scarce a broken piece of the wreck, to buoy their heads above the waves of utter want, without one pensive reflection.--Without a sigh he can strip nakedness of its rags, and rob poverty of its crusts, or enter the forlorn cabin of the widow, and exact the uttermost farthing, leaving her fatherless babes breadless.

        Avarice unties the bonds of society, and robs the miser of one of the greatest blessings in it--the mutual communication of kind offices. It dries up the fountain of humanity, obliterates every sentiment of generosity, and freezes up every stream of sympathy. As soon may you expect to pluck the blooming rose under the frozen pole, as to find the warmth of affection in the miser's frigid heart. From a region so barren of virtue, men no more expect to reap the fruits of charity, than they expect to gather grapes from the thistle, or figs from the bramble. This base passion robs the man of content; for although nature is content with few things, avarice is not content with all things; it tortures the soul and wastes the body with craving anxiety. His thievish fancy hears in every sound the approach of the robber. Of all the sons of folly, who barter time for eternity, life for death, heaven for hell, none do it on easier terms than the wretched worshiper at mammon's shrine, "who to the clink of mammon's box gives most greedy and rapacious ear;" is the only music that can charm him. Avarice renders a man poor in the midst of wealth, his niggard soul can scarce allow a scanty supply of food and raiment to his body, and for fear of future penury, reduces himself to present and utter want.


                         "And oh! what man's condition can be worse
                         Than his, whom plenty starves, and blessings curse?
                         The beggars but a common fate deplore.
                         The rich man is emphatically poor,
                         If cares and troubles, envy, grief and fear,
                         Be the bitter fruits that fair riches bear;
                         If utter poverty grows out of store,
                         The old plain way is best--let me be poor."

        Avarice is accompanied with extreme eagerness to make


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money, with distressing fears about keeping it, and with inconsolable grief for fear of losing it; besides heart-ache, envies, jealousies, sleepless nights, wearisome days, and numberless other ills which it inflicts on its slaves, ruining their health, and dragging them to the grave with some wasting malady, or hurrying them there by rash, horrible suicide."

        The miser on being disappointed in an advantageous trade which he had thought almost confirmed, and fancied himself in possession of his new treasure; in losing the best of the market for his produce; or in having his hordes robbed of their idolized and shining dust, has, in many instances, been so smitten with grief, as to produce insanity, or rendered life so burdensome as to induce him to commit suicide.

FEAR.--

        Fear was given to man as a sentinel of self-preservation. It induces us to take measures to avert, if possible, the apprehended ill, and secure personal safety.--Apprehension, dread, &c., are modifications of the same passion. We apprehend what is possible, fear what is probable, and dread what is certain.

        Fear has a salutary influence in society, amongst those who are now governed by the principles of virtue. The fear of reproach, punishment, &c., often rertrains the hand of violence, injustice and oppression.

        Fear like every other passion, is liable to excess, and when thus indulged, instead of warding off anticipated evils, it often brings on the very calamities which are so much dreaded, and becomes hurtful to both body and mind. Fear indulged to excess, robs its possessor of resolution, reflection, and judgment, and degenerates into cowardice, which is a base passion, and beneath the dignity of man. No passion has a greater tendency to produce and aggravate disease than fear, when improperly indulged. It impedes the circulation, disorders the stomach and bowels, enfeebles vital action, and has a direct and instantaneous tendency to produce spasms on the whole system; and instances are not wanting, in which a sudden and excessive fright, has produced immediate death.

        The practice of frightening children and grown persons, is often productive of the most deleterious consequences.


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Children are often fearful in the dark. This should be overcome by persuasion and argument rather than force. By proper treatment on the part of the parents or nurse, such unfounded fears will soon vanish; on the contrary, if they are encouraged by dismal stories of witches, ghosts, raw-head and bloody-bones and the like, they will grow and become so deeply rooted, that to shake them off in mature years, will be almost a matter of impossibility.

HOPE.--

        Hope is an enlivening passion, it is a pleasurable emotion of the mind, excited by the anticipation of some desirable object considered attainable. It matters not, in what vocation we embark, it is our anchor to the last breath. We are supported by it in every difficulty.--It is hope with its offspring, fortitude, that enables us to bear all the toils, tumults, pains and vexations, which we have to encounter while passing through this "world of thorns." "It is the first friend that offers solace to the sons of affliction: it is the last to forsake them." Take from us hope, and life itself would be a burthen!

        Hope is productive of the most salutary effects, both on our bodies and minds, differing in this respect from all our other passions. When engaged in the pursuits of life, and enjoying ordinary health, it is attended with many favorable effects without possessing any physical disadvantages, and what a powerful effect it has when laboring under pain and diseases of the body! It raises the spirits: it increases the action and power of the heart; gives vigor to the nervous system; moderates the pulse; causes breathing to be more full and free, quickens all the secretions and gives tone and strength to the whole system. The christian's hope extends beyond this vale of tears and enables him, in the last struggle of death, to cry out: "Oh! grave where is thy victory, Oh! death where is thy sting."

JOY.--

        Joy is a high degree of pleasure, excited by the attainment or possession of some desired good--the reception of good news, &c. &c. Delight, gladness, mirth, cheerfulness and the like, are different modifications of this passion. Joy is pleasure at high tide. When indulged in moderation it has a salutary effect on both the body and mind; but if it should be excessive or very sudden, it frequently does serious and lasting injury to persons in


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good health; and instances have occurred, in which it produced immediate death. Persons of an ardent, lively temperament, and of delicate nervous sensibility, are mort liable to suffer serious or fatal consequences from sudden transports of this passion. Precautionary means should be used to prevent such sudden transports of excessive joy, by preparing the mind gradually to meet its emotions, and by this means its dangerous effects will be obviated.

SECTION XI.

GRIEF.

        This depressing emotion of the mind, is produced by the suffering of some calamity, or by sustaining the loss of something that contributed to our happiness. The intensity of the passion is generally in the proportion to the estimate we place on the object lost. Indulged grief often becomes settled melancholy--its victim sinks into despair and fatal insanity. Sorrow, grief, melancholy, despair, &c., seem to be different modifications of the same passion. Whether grief proceeds from real or imaginary causes, the destructive influence is the same on the healthy action of the system. It destroys the digestive powers--oppresses the lungs and weakens the nerves--it produces sleepless nights, head aches, weak eyes, costiveness, palpitations of the heart and not unfrequently insanity and death. How frequently do we see our fellow mortal weighed down with this depressing passion, their pale and furrowed cheeks tell us they are sick! ah! and of what? of every thing and nothing!! They apply for medical aid--take medicine without weight or measure; but all in vain.--They are still sick--the contents of an apothecary shop will not give relief. The mind is the part diseased; and until the cause is removed it will bid defiance to the powers of medicine. In such case much rests with the sufferer. The cause should be removed if possible; if this cannot be done, we should remember that this is "a world of sorrow." And why destroy both health and happiness, by grieving about a thing we cannot help? We should exercise firmness and resolution, and reconcile as far as possibe, the circumstances and condition to our wounded and oppressive feelings. "We should seck in piety those unwithering


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consolations which can sustain the mind under the severest strokes of adversity. From this source issue streams of living pleasure that cannot be dried up by the occurrence of disastrous events."

LOVE.--

        As this passion is not productive of any bad effects on the health, when of a proper kind and properly controlled, there need be but little said on the subject.--Love is one of the master passions of the soul, when kindled into ardor. It exercises an uncontrollable dominion over all the powers of man. Pure and reciprocal love is one of man's most endearing delights--it is not wrecked by the storms of adversity nor starved out by poverty.--We are commanded to exercise this passion in Holy writ, which is a sufficient proof of its excellency. Thus we are commanded to love our parents, our companions and children, and even our enemies; and above all--our God and heavenly things. When this passion is confined within its proper limits, with due regard to its objects, it has a salutary influence on the mind of every rational being. The influence of propitious love is salutary upon the physical system, as it promotes all the secretions--invigorates the action of the heart--imparts vivacity to the spirits and brightens the countenance with cheerfulness.

        Some writers when speaking on this subject, digress from the true intent of the matter and fall into a discussion of most of the other passions. Under the title of "Disappointed Love," they discuss at great length the beautiful effects of grief, jealousy, rage, reveuge, despair, &c.--Love, crossed or disappointed by the inconstancy or falseness of the beloved object, not unfrequently begets one or more of the above passions, and produce some of the wildest storms of passion that infest the seas of life, wrecking both happiness and health,

        "Earth has no rage like love to hatred turned; And hell no fury like a lover scorned."


REMARKS PRELIMINARY TO THE MEDICAL PORTION OF THIS WORK.

        That a knowledge of diseases is necessary to their cure, will be readily acknowledged; but a great difference of opinion prevails amoug mankind as to how this knowledge


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should be obtained. Some say it should be the result of personal experience; while others contend that education and theory alone, is all that is necessary to make a skillful physician. The union of observation, with the deductions of theory, will probably be found to lead to the safest conclusions. A medical education should be united with experience. Every disease is to be known by its peculiar symptoms, and the sagacity of the physician will be exercised in discriminating between different diseases by their different symptoms.

        Regard should always be paid to the constitution, manner of life, age, sex, temper, &c. Some constitutions are peculiar and require a peculiar treatment. It would be injudicious to treat the tender, delicate and sickly in the same manner as the hardy and robust.

        Females have diseases peculiar to themselves--their system is more tender and irritable and demands greater caution.

        The following enquiries should be made previous to administering medicine to a sick person.

        When were you taken? How were you taken? To what disease are you most liable? Is the disease constitutional or accidental? Are you temperate in eating and drinking? What has been your general health? What were your feelings for several days previously to being taken, &c.? If the patient be a female, you should also ascertain whether she has been regular in her monthly periods? Whether there is any suppression of urine, &c.

        A physican, on entering the room of a sick person, should be easy and affable in his manners, and wait patiently the subsiding of any strong excitement his presence may have created.

        THE PULSE.--By the pulse is meant the beating or throbbing of an artery, which is occasioned by the motion of the heart in propelling the blood through them. This motion of the heart and arteries is spoken of at greater length in the anatomical part of this work. The physician derives great information as to the condition of his patient, from knowing how the blood circulates. This is ascertained by feeling the pulse. The pulse in different persons varies, it beats quicker in the sanguine than in the melancholly--in the young and vigorous, than in the old and declining--children have quicker pulse than adults. The


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usual standard of a healthy indication by the pulse in grown persons is from 66 to 80 strokes in a minute.

        Good health is indicated by a strong, firm, regular pulse.

        1. When the pulse resists the pressure of the finger, feels full, and swells boldly under the pressure, it is called a full strong tense pulse--if slow and irregular, it is called a weak, fluttering and irregular pulse.

        2. When the pulse feels like a string drawn tight, and gives considerable resistance to the presure of the finger, it is termed a hard, corded pulse.

        3. The soft and intermitting pulses give their own meaning by name; they are very easily distinguished from each other, as in cases of great weakness of the system and a languid circulation, or on the approach of death.

        4. An intermitting pulse is sometimes produced by oppression of the stomach and bowels, it also arises in some instances from an agitation of the mind. A vibrating pulse, with quick, weak pulsations, acting under the fingers like a thread, quick but very weak and irregular, indicates a highly dangerous state of the system. This pulse is generally accompanied with deep sighs, difficult breathing, and a dead, heavy languor of the eyes.

        The above directions will enable any person to distinguish the different states of the pulse; and enable him so far as the pulse can give any indications, to judge of the nature and stage of the disease.

PART TWO.
CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE SYMPTOMS
OF DISEASE, AND THE METHOD
OF TREATMENT.

        I will not trouble the reader here with a long treatise on the doctrines, or what is called the pathology of diseases, which would prove both tedious and tiresome, without imparting the least benefit to those for whom this work is especially intended. But in giving the symptoms of disease, or the various aspects under which it makes its appearance, I will endeavor to do it in both a concise and comprehensive manner, confining myself, principally, to


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those diseases which are most common in our country, and peculiar to our climate. It is very necessary that the head of every family should be instructed, to some extent, in the method of curing their own maladies; simple remedies, and such as are at hand in most families, will, if taken in due time, often throw off diseases which might have baffled the skill of the most experienced physicians if it had been let to run on without remedy for a length of time. A full conviction of this fact will induce me to simplify the HEALING ART, so that any family, possessing an ordinary share of common sense, may become their own physician in most cases of disease, without the hazard of increasing the hold of disease or weakning the power of life. The Indian system of practice may appear simple to many persons who are not acquainted with their success in treating diseases, but I flatter myself that a fair trial of their method of treating diseases as is herein laid down, will almost invariably be crowned with success, and many painful and truly distressing complaints which have hitherto been considered by the whites, as incurable, will be found to yield speedily to simple remedies.

        Believing that colds are directly or indirectly the cause of most diseases by checking perspiration, obstructing the general or natural circulation of all the fluids, and there-by producing a marked action, or in other words, a diseased condition of the whole system--I will first begin with colds.

CATARRH OR COLD--(Oo-hur-tlah.)

        Colds are so common in every country, and their modes of treatment so generally known, that the reader will doubtless conclude that little or nothing need be written on a subject which is already so familiar. But when we reflect that it is often the forerunner and not unfrequently the foundation of other diseases which are difficult to remove, and in many instances highly dangerous, and even fatal, in despite of medical aid--the subject does not appear so trivial as on first thought; but is one which certainly demands the serious attention of all those who wish to enjoy a reasonable portion of health.

        Persons of delicate constitutions are most liable to take cold--and from the great carelessness of such persons in neglecting to avoid exposure--and to remove cold in its


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earliest stages, originates most of the consumptions in this, as well as other countries. It is often the foundation of a host of other diseases, such as pleurisy, liver complaints, fevers, asthmas, &c. I therefore feel it my duty to impress it on the mind of the reader, that cold, however simple it may at first appear, should be taken in its earliest stage, at which time it is easily thrown off and by very simple means.

        SYMPTOMS.--A dull heaviness in the head, frequent sneezing, a discharge of watery mucous from the nose or eyes, or both, a stoppage in the nose and head--it is frequently attended with chillness, succeeded by flushes of heat, a very disagreeable fullness is felt about the eyes. Cold is often attended with soreness of the throat, cough and pain in the chest. Here I repeat that most of the consumptions of this country are occasioned by neglected colds, brought on by exposure to night air, by changing warm clothing for thin, by sudden check of perspiration, by damp feet, &c.

        TREATMENT.--Cold in its first stage may be thrown off very easily, and by very simple means, such as a free use of sage, mint, ground ivy, balm, pennyroyal; pepper or ginger teas, or any sweating tea that the patient may prefer, to which may be added a portion of the diaphoretic drops. If the violence of the attack requires it, bathe the feet in warm water fifteen or twenty minutes, then wipe them dry and draw on warm stockings. If the head should be much stopped up with cold, sweat it by covering it over with flannel or other covering, and place a hot rock on the hearth, then sprinkle water and vinegar on the rock, at the same time holding the head over it. After steaming the head in the above manner, care must be taken to avoid exposure to a free current of cold or damp air, which would check the perspiration suddenly, and in all probability do much more harm than the steaming had done good. If the symptoms are inflammatory, give cooling purges, such as cream of tartar, salts, castor oil, rheubarb, or any cooling cathartic. If the throat is sore, apply the red pepper poultice, or a poultice of onions or garlic, either of these poultices will give relief to the breast if applied to that part, in case of oppression from cold. If the patient is troubled with a cough, look under that head for a remedy; by turning to the index you will be referred to numerous valuable articles for coughs, some of which can be easily procured in all cases, I presume, with but very


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little trouble or expense. The onion, garlic or pepper poultice, applied to the feet will also aid in produing a free perspiration. The following remedy, says Dr. Gunn, "has frequently afforded relief in cases where colds had nearly settled down into confirmed consumptions--take one tea spoonful of flaxseed, half an ounce of liquorice, and a quarter of a pound of raisons, put them into two quarts of rain water, and simmer the whole over a slow fire until you reduce the quantity to one quart; then prepare some candy made from brown sugar, and dissolve it in the quart of liquor. A half pint of this syrup is to be taken every night on going to bed, mixed with a little good vinegar to give it a slightly acid taste. This will certainly relieve a cold in a few days." The vinegar stew is also very good for colds, and should be prepared in the following manner: If the vinegar be very strong, add a little water, then put it on the fire until it becomes hot, then add a little butter and sweeten it well with honey This stew or syrup is good to relieve soreness in the breast, it is also good to check the cough arising from cold. A tea spoonful of paragoric or half that quantity of Bateman's drops may be added to the tea, which is to be drank for cold to great advantage.

INFLUENZA OR MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.
(Oh-ch-tlah-tsu-ni-sik-wah-his-lee.

        This dangerous disease is sometimes called putrid or ulcerous sore throat. The symptoms are, soreness of the throat, attended with fever. The swallowing becomes more and more difficult, the skin burning and disagreeably hot without the least moisture, the pulse very quick and irregular, it is also attended with nausea and sometimes vomiting, restlessness, great debility, the face becomes flushed, the eyes inflamed, and the neck stiff, the mouth and throat assumes a fiery red color, and the palate and glands of the throat become much swelled as the disease advances, the whole internal surface of the mouth and throat will become interspersed with brown or ash colored spots, which soon become so many ulcers discharging an acid matter; a similar matter runs from the nose, and escapes at the mouth, this matter soon affects the lips and neighboring parts, and in some instances the brown spots extend over the whole body, the tongue becomes covered with a thick brown fur and the breath very offensive; there


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is generally a purging, and in many cases, a frequent dischatge of excoriating matter or fluid from the fundament. If the disease is not checked, the ulceration corrodes deeper and deeper extending down the alimentary canal, and if still suffered to proceed, they become gangrenous; a severe purging ensues, and death closes the painful scene. The following symptoms are unfavorable and denote a fatal termination; the feet and hands become cold, the eruptions suddenly disappear, or become of a dark livid color, the inside of the mouth and throat assume a dark hue, purging a black matter of a very offensive smell, the pulse becoming small, quick and fluttering, hurried breathing with frequent sighing; and a cold clamy sweat. On the contrary, the symptoms are favorable when the fever in some degree abates and the skin becomes gradually soft and moist, the breathing becomes more free and natural, the eyes assume a natural and lively appearance, the eruptions on the skin become of a reddish color over the whole body, and the parts which separate from the ulcers fall off easily, and leave the sores of a clean and reddish color, the tongue gradually becomes clean and clear of the dark fur with which it is covered. These are favorable symptoms and denotes the recovery of the patient.

        Putrid sore throat, is an infectious or catching disease; and hence it sometimes prevails as an epidemic, and generally makes its appearance in the fall or early part of the winter seasons, especially when preceded by a dry, hot summer. Children and persons of delicate constitutions are most liable to be the victims of this dangerous disease. Neglect of cleanliness, eating damaged provisions, breathing impure air, or whatever tends to produce putrid fevers, will predispose to an attack of this complaint. When relief is not had, this disease generally terminates fatally between the fourth and seventh day.

        TREATMENT.--This disease generally makes its appearance at the close of sultry seasons, when the system is much weakened by protracted exposure to intense heat and when people have been for some time exposed to breathing the putrid atmosphere arising from stagnant waters and decaying vegetables. This fact will at once show the impropriety of administering sever purges or drawing blood. The stomach must be cleansed by an emetic of gulver and Indian physic, and the bowels relieved


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of their putrid contents by injections, of thin gruel or soap-suds, to which may be added hogs lard and a little gulver syrup; no cathartic stronger than castor oil or rheubarb should be taken into the stomach. Well prepared charcoal, taken twice or three times a day, will be of great benefit. The mouth and throat must be washed and gargled with a preparation made as follows: Take of cayenne pepper in powder, two table spoonfuls, a small quantity of catnip and half a spoonful of common salt: pour on them one pint of boiling water, let them stand a half hour and strain off the liquor and add to it a half a pint of good vinegar--the patient should also swallow a table spoonful of this preparation every fifteen minutes. If the patient should become very weak, bathe him well in a strong decoction of red-oak bark, in which may be put one-fourth whiskey. If the weakness be very considerable, give wine or toddy made with spirits and sweetened with sugar to strengthen and support the system. For an external application to the throat, use a poultice made by thickening rye-meal or wheat-brand in red pepper tea.-- After the stomach is cleansed, give Virginia snake root tea, (commonly called black snake-root,) or seneka snake-root tea freely. The bowels must be kept regular through the whole course by the use of injections. If the first emetic should fail to subdue the disease it should be repeated in moderation on the day following. By properly attending to the emetic, the acid matter may be thrown off, which would otherwise produce injury by descending into the bowels. The strength of the patient must be supported by a generous, nourishing and easily digested diet, comprising but little if any animal food.

PLEURISY.--Oh-ne-squah-ga-ni-tsu-na-his-na.

        SYMPTOMS.--An accute pain in the side, extending to the back, breast and shoulder, when the breath is drawn:--The pain is much increased by a short dry cough which generally attends it. Great difficulty is experienced in lying on the affected side. It is also attended with chills and fevers, great thirst and restlessness as in the inflamatory fever. The tongue is covered with a thick whitish fur. The urine is high colored, the face flushed, and the skin dry and hot; sometimes the cough increases, and a tough phlegm is spit up. The blood when drawn from the


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arm and admitted to cool in the vessel, is covered with a scum or coat of a buffly color, which always denotes inflamation.

        The causes which predispose to an attack of this disease, are cold, lying on damp beds, exposure to free currents of damp air, wearing wet or damp clothes, sudden changes from heat to cold, sudden check of perspiration, suppression of periodical evacuations, or by the repulsion of eruptions. It may also arise from intemperance, great exertion in singing, speaking or playing on wind instruments

        TREATMENT.--It is an inflammatory disease, and therefore requires the immediate reduction of the inflammatory symptoms; for this purpose bleed freely according to the strength and constitution of the patient. If the pulse should remain full and hard after the first bleeding, and the pain be relieved for a short time and then return, you must bleed a second, third, and even the fourth time, where the inflammatory symptoms require it. After the first bleeding, apply cloths, wet with hot water to the pained part, as warm as can be borne, and bathe the feet in warm water. At the same time give a purge of epsom salts or gulver pills, and let the patient drink freely of a tea made of one-third of silk-weed root to two-thirds pleurisy root. If this tea should increase the fever to any considerable extent, it may be used in smaller quantities and the lancet again resorted to. For a description of the above roots, look under their different heads You will also see the mode of preparing the black or gulver pill under its proper head.-- After the inflammatory action is in a considerable degree overcome, seneka snake-root should be combined with the silk-weed root and pleurisy root. A full description of these roots may be seen under their proper heads. After the abatement of the fever, if the pulse should sink and the patient become very weak, you should stimulate him with warm toddy or wine, mixed with warm water and sugar. This must be done with the greatest caution, taking great care not to stimulate so as to produce a return of the fever. If the extremities should become cold, apply plasters of ground mustard-seed wet with vinegar to the wrists, ankles and feet. These plasters will aid greatly in raising the pulse, and is not so apt to produce a return of the inflammatory symptoms as a too free use of spirits. The bowels must be kept open through the whole course by cooling


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purges; such as salts, castor oil, cream of tartar, or gulver pills. The cathartics should be aided by mild and cooling injections, such as thin gruel, well strained new milk and water, &c.

        For further information on this subject examine under the head of "Clystering Diets." The strictest abstinence from all kinds of animal food, must be observed in this disease. The diets and drinks must be such as will have a tendency to keep down fever, and such as the stomach will most easily digest. The drinks should consist of flaxseed tea, slippery-elm tea, toast-water, &c. They should be taken warm, a little gruel, panada, or milk and water with mush, may be taken for nourishment.

        When recovering from this disease, great care must be taken to avoid sudden changes, dampness, cold, and very particularly avoid exposure to night air, excessive use of ardent spirits, violent exercise, &c. As the reverse of the above precautions generally produce dangerous relapses. Flannel, or some warm dress should be worn next the skin.

DROPSY--Tsa-no-tis-scoh.

        Dropsy is a disease of the whole system, arising from debility or weakness. This opinion is sustained by many of the most distinguished physicians in the United States. Dr. Rush was of opinion, that dropsy was caused by a morbid action of the arteries, and an increased action of the exhalents; or in other words, by an inactive state of the arteries and an active condition of the vessels which throw off the sweat from the body. Dr. Shelton's opinion is the very reverse, he says: "Notwithstanding the great popularity of this opinion and the high regard I have for Dr. Rush, yet I cannot concur with him. I believe the cause to be an increased action of the arteries and a decreased action of the exhalents. For we generally find in a Dropsy a quick pulse, which certainly indicates an increased action of the arteries; from the great fullness and distention of the exhalents, we might reasonably suppose they were too much relaxed, or too inactive to throw out the fluids as fast as they were forced into them by the active motion of the arteries." I have given the opinions of the above writers for the reflection and entertainment of the reader. The opinion of Dr. Shelton, however, accords nearest with my own.


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        SYMPTOMS.--Dropsy may easily be distinguished from other diseases, by the collection of water in some part of the body, and by the feet and ancles swelling, the flesh will have lost its elasticity, or in other words, when pressed upon by the finger the mark or impression will remain for some time after the finger is removed, the place where the impression was made being much paler than any other part. Among physicians, it is called by different names, according with the different parts of the system in which the water is deposited. When the water is seated in the cavities of the head or brain, the disease is called by physicians, Hydrocephalus. When seated in the cavity of the chest, it is called Hydrothorax; when in that of the belly, Ascites; when seated in the scrotum or bag of the privates, it is called Hydrocele; and when the water collects in the cellular membrane, which is situated between the flesh and skin, it is called Hydrocele. These different locations of Dropsy are manifested by somewhat different symptoms.

        Anasarea or Dropsy of the celular membrane, first gives symptoms of its approach by swelling of the feet and ankles; this swelling may be distinguished from other swellings in the manner above stated. The swelling extends by degrees to the thighs, trunk of the body, and finally to the head and face. The breathing becomes difficult, particularly when the patient lies down. A cough soon follows, and a watery mucous is spit up, the urine is high colored, and is voided in very small quantities, and when suffered to remain in the urinal or pot it deposites a reddish sediment; the bowels are costive, and the thirst great. These symptoms are suceeded by a dull torpor and slow fever.

        Ascites, or Abdominal Dropsy, is generally preceded by a loss of appetite, sluggishness, dryness of the skin, thirst, oppression of the chest, cough, decrease of urine, a swelling of the abdomen takes place, which increases gradually, as the disease advances. As the water accumulates, the breathing becomes more difficult, the countenance pallid and bloated, the thirst immoderate; the urine scanty, high colored; and deposites a brick colored sediment.

        Hydrothorax, or Dropsy of the Chest, generally comes on with a sense of uneasiness at the lower end of the breast bone, and difficulty of breathing, which is much increased


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by exertion, or by lying down. It is attended with a cough. at first dry, but afterwards a thin mucous is spit up; as the disease advances, the thirst increases; the complexion becomes sallow; the feet and legs swell; the urine is voided in small quantities, high colored, and deposites a red sediment. The face and extremities become cold, the pulse feeble, and irregular; the sleep is much disturbed, frequent palpitations of the heart; a numbness extends from the heart towards one, and sometimes, both shoulders; the difficulty of breathing continues to increase until death ends the patient's sufferings. Hydrocephalus, or Dropsy of the Brain, is a disease common to children, and will be spoken of under the proper head.

        TREATMENT.--Cleanse the bowels with anti-billious pills, or some other purge. After the bowels are well cleansed, the patient should take the diuretic pill night and morning, three for a dose, or more if the constitution of the patient requires it; also drink bitters by putting a table spoonful of steeldust, and about four ounces of vervine root, into a half gallon of good spirits; of these bitters the patient should drink three or four times a day what the stomach will bear.

        ANOTHER REMEDY.--After the bowels have been cleansed as above directed, let the patient drink freely of cold water off of the root of Ah-squah-na-ta-quah. This herb is fully described in materia medica, and is an infallible remedy for Dropsy; the root should be bruized before it is put into the water, about a half ounce of the root to a quart. the water may be renewed until the strength is all extracted. There are no disagreeable consequences whatever produced by the use of this root.

        The Chalybeat pill, taken night and morning after the bowels have been cleansed, will effect a cure in most casses. A Dose in this case is one pill about the size of a summer grape.

        Diets must in all cases of Dropsy be of the lightest and simplest kind. When the patient begins to recover from Dropsy, the appetite in most cases becomes voracious and almost insupportable, and if the patient is permitted to indulge it, to effect a cure will be found impossible. Water gruel, rye mush and butter milk or something of the kind is the safest nourishment I have ever tried in cases of this kind.


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        After the patient is freed from the water, extreme debility usually takes place. At this stage of the disease, the patient should continue whichever of the above treatments may have been adopted, and additionally use wine and a decoction of wild cherry-tree bark, or a decoction of Columbo root, or any other stimulant or tonic that may be most convenient.

        Dr. Gunn believes Dropsy to be an inflammatory disease and recommends bleeding freely, but goes on to speak highly of the advantages that have been derived from herbs of our own country, in this as well as other diseases. I quote the following from this author: "The following cures, which I shall notice, in the words of an experienced and distinguished physician, give evidence of the correctness of some of my introductory remarks, among which are the following: The discoveries of each succeeding day convinces, that the Almighty has graciously furnished man with the means of curing his own diseases, and there is scarcely a day, month or year which does not exhibit to us the surprising cures made by roots, herbs and simples, found in our own vegetable kingdom, when all foreign articles have utterly failed. The truth is, that the wise and beneficent Creator of the Universe, has made nothing in vain; and the time will come, when the apparently most useless and noxious plants, will be found eminently useful in the cure of diseases, which have hitherto baffled the profound skill, and most powerful energies of genius."--The following are the words of the author just alluded to: "I am knowing to two extremely distressing cases of Dropsy entirely relieved by means of the bark of common Elder. One a woman advanced in age, in the last stages of this disease, who lost a brother some short time previous, by the same complaint. The other a young woman, who had been for eighteen months confined to her bed, during four of which she was unable to lie down, and who is now wholy free from Dropsy, and recovering strength in a most surprising and unexpected manner. This young lady used the elder-barked-wine, at the instance of one of the most distinguished physicians of Boston, who had previously tried every known prescription without success, and the use of the elder bark entirely cured her. A great many other cases, less aggravated, have been cured by this bark. I have used it myself with unusual success,


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and its immediate adoption by the afflicted, is truly important and deserving attention. The receipt is as follows: Take two handfuls of the green or inner bark of the white common elder, steep it in two quarts of Lisbon wine twenty-four hours--if this wine cannot be had, Teneriff or Maderia, will answer; take a gill every morning, fasting, or more if it can be borne on the stomach."

        We have never tried the above preparation of elder bark in wine, but having witnessed similar effects produced by the free use of the tea and decoction of this bark, we are bound to place full confidence in the above statements, and earnestly recommend its use to those who may be afflicted with this truly distressing complaint.

        Diets should consist of gruel, a little milk and mush, or something of a similar nature.

DYSPEPSY, OR INDIGESTION.
(Oh-ne-na-tse-tsunah-li-stoo-na.)

        SYMPTOMS--Are flatulency, defective appetite, palpitations of the heart, painful distention of the stomach and bowels. The last named symptoms greatly increased by eating a hearty meal or drinking spirituous liquors. This disease also extends its pernicious influence to the mind, which often becomes desponding and irritable, and the poor sufferer exhibits a peculiar anxiety of countenance. The sleep becomes disturbed and the urine high colored.

        CAUSES.--This disease originates in a great variety of causes. It arises in a great many instances, from a diseased state of the Liver as may be fully seen under that head. This lingering and painfully distressing malady is seldom to be met with among the Indians, owing, we suppose to the great simplicity of their diet, and the liberal exercise which they so generally take in the hunt, the chase, &c.; and the little use made by them of mercury in any form, or of strong minerals of any kind. This disease, on the contrary, appears to increase yearly among the whites. It seems to be a scourge upon the more refined portion of the human species, and one which refinement with all its charms, utterly fails to render agreeable, or in any respect desirable. It is to be found among all ranks and sexes; but when we meet with an individual who is afflicted with this torturing malady, and examine into his or her past life, the cause is generally obvious. An excessive use of


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spirituous liquors of any kind, of tobacco, mercurial preparations, and other poisonous mineral substances used for medicines--improper diet, whether in kind or quality, inactivity of body, intense study, uneasiness, anxiety or grief, are all calculated in their nature to produce this painful disease. Dr. Carter, when speaking of the stomach, says. "It may be considered the great labratory or chemical workshop of the living power--where chemical operations upon our food and drink, are regularly performed, without effort, toil or study."

        Dr. Carter's statement respecting the stomach, shows at once the great necessity of regulating the food and drink according to the strength of this "chemical workshop."--The usual practice of over loading the stomach with high-seasoned, indigestible food, and a too free use of ardent spirits, injures its tone, and renders it incapable of performing its functions in a healthy manner. If Indigestion arises from a diseased state of the liver, there will also be felt a dead, heavy pain in the right side, also in the shoulder, and back of the neck. The urine on being deposited in a urinal or pot, will have in the bottom when cool, a reddish colored seddiment. The complection will become of a tawny or yellowish hue. The feet and hands, when held in one position, for a short time will become asleep for want of a free circulation of the blood. Great uneasiness will be felt throughout the whole system, and it is sometimes attended with vomiting. When these last named symptoms occur, you must refer to the proper treatment of the disease of the liver, &c.

        TREATMENT.--For common Dyspepsy, the patient must first sum up all the resolution which it is in his power to command, in order to regulate his diet with th