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Ante-Bellum North Carolina: A Social History: Electronic Edition.
Johnson, Guion Griffis, 1900- 1989
INDEX
INDEX
- Abbott, Henry, 412.
- Abernethy, W. H., quoted, 273.
- Abolition movement, and woman's rights, 249-50; and Quaker position, 356, 572-73; society agent said to be in state, 422; ultraism of the day, 458; alarm over, 461, 572; work of infidels, 464; effect on slave legislation, 499, 500, 521, 543, 550; literature, 515, 518, 543, 550, 572-80. See Anti-slavery movement.
- Academies, in colonial period, 18; in towns, 119; public examinations, 155, 304, 325-26; female, 173, 177, 303, 307; female departments, 228, 307-8; free instruction to few, 266; subsidies from Literary Fund, 273; discussed, 284-88; separation of sexes in, 302; buildings, 309-10; equipment, 313-14; teachers, 323-325; principals serve as pastors, 442.
- Adams, James, Wilmington printer, 814.
- Adams, Jesse, removal from Senate, 429.
- Adams, John, 818, 821.
- Adams, John Quincy, 564-65.
- Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs, 824.
- Advertisements, 45-46, 245, 778, 779, 792-94.
- Affray, 658, 659, 660, 667, 670.
- African Methodists, 545-46.
- Africans. See Slaves.
- Agriculture, colonial, 6, 15; products, 15, 481-89, 482n; signs of zodiac in, 48; number employed in, 53; methods on fifty-acre farm, 66; scientific, 81; societies, 106-9, 139; State Board, 107, 296; lack of market for, 115; schools of, 288, 290; causes of low state, 478; use of fertilizer, 478-79, 481-82, 484, 486; methods on Woodbourne plantation, 479-80; cotton plantation described, 481-82; tobacco plantation described, 482-84; Burgwyn studies in Europe, 485; effect of slavery on, 562; and the press, 766-67, 795-97. See Farmers; Farms.
- Alabama, 37, 40, 70, 189, 336n, 468, 468n.
- Alamance Church, 351, 406.
- Alamance County, 54, 166n, 322, 347, 355, 361n, 362, 377, 633.
- Albemarle County, General Court of 1695, 265.
- Albertson, Benjamin, 799.
- Albertson, William, 767.
- Alcohol. See Drinking; Spirituous liquors.
- Alderson, G., treatment of slave, 495.
- Alexander, Mrs. E. C., quoted, 496.
- Alexander, Dr. J. B., quoted, 61.
- Alexander, Rev. John, 302, 333.
- Alexander, Gov. Nathaniel, 636, 644.
- Alexander, S. C., 816.
- Alimony, 218, 219.
- Allen, Hannah, 595.
- Almanacs, 48, 810, 811; "the farmers' Bible." 718; information in, 743, 745, 753; North Carolina Temperance Almanac, 803.
- Alston, W., 642.
- American Farmer, 483.
- American Messenger, 418.
- American Missionary, 579.
- American Museum, 817.
- American Recorder, 767.
- Amusements. See Games; Sports; Recreation; Rural life.
- Anderson, Edwin, eye specialist, 745.
- Anderson, T. C., 817.
- Andrew, Bishop J. O., 465.
- Andrews, Joseph, 304.
- Anglicans, 343, 348.
- Annals of Southern Methodism, 802.
- Anson County, 34, 77, 53, 349, 383n, 470n, 530, 608-9.
- Anthony, Susan B., 248.
- Anti-Federalists, 260.
- Anti-slavery movement, and Methodists, 345; and Wesleyan Methodists, 347; and Quakers, 461; American Anti-Slavery Society, 489, 563, 593; anti-slavery views, 560-81. See Abolition movement.
- Appeal in Four Articles, 515, 516, 517-19, 572.
- Apprentice system, 17, 57n, 58, 68, 70; as provision for orphans, 258; as form of education, 265; free Negro subject to, 600, 601; discussed, 703-8.
- Arator, 797; quoted, 66, 69, 484.
- Archdale, Gov. John, 354.
- Architecture, log cabins, 20, 224; country taverns, 96; courthouses, 118; temperance hall, 168; houses, 224-27; academy buildings, 309-10; public schools, 311-12, churches, 434-36, slave quarters, 525-26. See Houses.
- Arends, John Gottfried, 359.
- Aristocracy, newspaper correspondent on the law of caste, 52-53; Raleigh, 52 and n, 61-62; modifications in, 53, 58-59; nature of, 62-63; bubble, 74; in town government, 123-25; and education, 262; and University of North Carolina, 296. See Gentry; Social classes; Upper classes.
- Armstrong, Edward, 692.
- Armstrong, Gray, planter, 490.
- Armstrong, John, 299, 436, 442.
- Arrington, B. F., dentist, 747.
- Art, in education of women, 303-4; cost of instruction, 306.
- Artiss, Hardy, Negro dancing master, 554.
- Asbury, Daniel, 382, 383, 384.
- Asbury, Bishop Francis, quoted, 120, 374, 375, 376, 383, 384, 388, 420, 430, 442, 541-42, 545.
- Ashborough Herald, 808.
- Ashe, Governor Samuel, 471.
- Ashe, Samuel, of Rocky Point, 283.
- Ashe County, 693, 737, 747.
- Asheboro (Ashboro), Female Academy, 325; trial of Daniel Worth, 580; Southern Citizen, 795n; Craven and Brown magazines, 798.
- Asheville, influence on coming of railroad, 25-26; main road, 27-28; mail service, 29; people characterized, 39; James Madison Baird, 44; dress, 89; importance, 115; board of health, 127; library society, 166n; mechanics association, 174n; Warm Springs, 188; Female Academy, 307; Methodists, 348; Presbyterian Church, 353; Episcopal school, 414; Western Carolina Temperance Advocate, 803; Messenger, 823.
- Asheville Messenger, 25-26, 823.
- Atkin's Bank, 118.
- Atkinson, Bishop Thomas, 336, 441-42, 443n.
- Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company, 25, 117, 119.
- Atson, William, 231.
- Attempts at Rhyming, 826.
- Attmore, William, quoted, 13, 102-3.
- Auburn, Ala., Gazette, quoted, 829.
- Augsburg Confession, 359, 360.
- Augusta, Ga., 8, 28.
- Augusta, Ga., Centinel, quoted, 421.
- Austin, Benjamin J., 770 and n.
- Avery, William Waightsill, 47.
- Avirett, James Battle, 226.
- Ayer, H. W., 157n.
- Aykroyd, James, 290.
- Bachelor, Wright W., 766.
- Bachelors, toast to, 142-43; tax on proposed, 201; proportion of, 202.
- Bacon, Jarvis, C., 577.
- Badger, Fanny, 229.
- Badger, George E., 158, 726, 813, 815.
- Bain, William T., 815.
- Baine, Matthew, 552.
- Baird, James Madison, 44.
- Bakeries, regulation, 132.
- Ball games, 109-11, 551.
- Ballad writers, 810.
- Ballot Box, temperance paper, 804.
- Balls, for President Monroe, 141; subscription, 142, 156-60; in Warrenton, 143; in Raleigh, 143-144; during races, 182; tournament, 185; young lady escorted by family, 195; near camp meeting, 408. See Dancing.
- Baltimore, 336, 482, 769, 823.
- Baltimore Jockey Club, 183.
- Bancroft, George, 820.
- Bandy, described, 109, 110 and n; on Sunday forbidden, 128; University professors complain of, 295; penalty for playing at school, 327.
- Bangs, Nathan, on encampments, 391.
- Banks, 16, 37, 271n-272n, 473.
- Banks, James, 816.
- Baptist State Convention, and Wake Forest College, 298-300, 342; organization, 341-42; missions, 413, publication society, 419; Sunday schools, 420-21, 422; relief work, 424; on Baptist churches, 436.
- Baptists, in colonial period, 18, 337-39, 350; and erection of churches, 100, 435, 436; and temperance movement, 169; on marriage laws, 203-4; expansion and division, 339-43, 348, 352, 370; and Disciples of Christ, 367; Union, 368; number in 1860, 369; Great Revivals, 372-73; 385-88, 409; share Church with Episcopalians, 431; ministerial education, 440, 442; conferences enforce discipline, 448; associations on temperance, 455, 456, 457, associations on slavery, 462, 560; schism over slavery, 465; liberties given slaves, 544-46; Ralph Freeman, free Negro preacher, 608-9; periodicals, 802.
- Barbecue Church, 349, 434-35.
- Barbecues, political, 140, 149-50, 190; Fourth of July, 142; funeral, 146; slave, 479, 552, 554.
- Barnard, Henry, quoted, 33, 84-85, 92, 224.
- Barnes, James, quoted, 638.
- Barnett, John, quoted, 544.
- Barracoon, 473n.
- Barron, Thomas, 323.
- Barrow, David, quoted, 412.
- Bason, W. F., medico-dental surgeon, 746.
- Bastardy, petitions to Legislature on, 210-11; laws against, 212-14; procedure in cases of, 214-15, 657, 661, slave incapable of, 537; effect of emancipation on, 537; and race mixing, 589, 590n; jurisdiction of justice of peace, 619; frequency, 658, 659, 660, 670. See Illegitimacy.
- Bath, N. C., 470, 475, 796.
- Bathrooms, scarcity of, 718-19; public, 719.
- Baths, on frontier, 717, 718; in homes of wealthy, 718; warm and shower, 744; hydrotherapy, 757.
- Battle, C. C., 586.
- Battle, Dr. Jeremiah, quoted, 54, 104, 186, 224, 259-60, 725.
- Battle, Kemp P., quoted, 61.
- Battle, William, H., 288, 643.
- Bayley, John, quoted, 209.
- Beach, Wooster, 757.
- Beard, John, 770n.
- Beasely, Jacob, 766.
- Beasley, Frederic, quoted, 46.
- Beasley, John, astronomer, 811.
- Beattie's Ford, 297.
- Beaufort, railroad urged, 24; harbor, 25, 117, population, 114; summer resort, 188; Nathaniel Blount, 188; free school, 265; Methodist Negro mission, 546; infirmary, 744.
- Beaufort County, 264, 574, 592, 671, 722.
- Beckwith, Dr. John, 745.
- Beggar's Opera, condemned, 178.
- Bell and Lawrence, printers, 767.
- Benedict, David, quoted, 388.
- Benefit of clergy, second offense of mayhem ousted, 42; dueling resulting in death ousted, 44; extended to slaves, 497; extended to free Negroes, 500; murderer of slave not entitled to, 502, kidnaping free Negro ousted, 597; legislation on, 645; discussed, 647; bigamy clergyable, 651; crimes ousted of, 652; abolished by Revised Code, 653.
- Benevolence See Philanthropy.
- Bennehan, Thomas D., 687-88.
- Bennett, D. K., Chronology of North Carolina, 799.
- Bennett, Mark, 456, 802.
- Berkeley, Charles, 291.
- Bernard, John, quoted, 158-59, 250.
- Berry, Lemuel D., 170.
- Bertie County, 53, 101, 207, 247, 272, 302, 333, 387, 412, 470n, 511, 599, 732.
- Bethabara, settlement, 364.
- Bethania, settlement, 364.
- Bethune, Mrs., infant school, 291.
- Betting, on sports, 17; at cards, 95 and n; at gander pulling, 111; at county seats, 117; at horse races, 182, 184n, 185-86; at games of chance, 186-87.
- Bevens, Mrs. E., School for Young Ladies, 307.
- Bible, use in schools, 314, 317; unfamiliarity with, 331-32; societies, 341, 346, 416, 417, 442n; distribution, 416-18, 423, 432-33; classes, 426, 436; belief in as officeholding test, 427, 428; jurisdiction of churches based on, 462-63; sanction of slavery, 463-64; duty of masters to teach slaves to read, 541-42, 543-44. duty of masters to teach apprentices to read, 705, Almanac, for farmers, 718.
- Biblical Recorder, 213, 463, 802, 804, 809.
- Biggs, Asa, quoted, 568.
- Biggs, Joseph, 815.
- Biglow, S., 804.
- Bills of credit, issuance, 15; academy, 285; of wardens of poor, 689.
- Bingham, D. H., 289.
- Bingham, Lemuel, 768.
- Bingham and Krider, printers, 770 and n.
- Bingham and White, printers, 767.
- Birth registration, 252.
- "Black Republican" party, 567, 823.
- Blackbeard, play by L. Sawyer, 824.
- Blacksmiths, 57n, 98, 119, 132.
- Blackstone's Commentaries, 288, 289.
- Blackwell, Charles, 743.
- Bladen County, 106, 349, 488, 514-15, 515-16, 556n, 629.
- Blake, Nathaniel O., 775.
- Blatchford's Hotel, 152.
- Blind, the, Morehead asks for state asylum, 711; provision for instruction, 716; operations, 745;
- Blount, Frederick S., quoted, 31, 37-38, 193.
- Blount, J. G., quoted, 495, 572-73.
- Blount, Mrs., tea drinking, 206.
- Blount, Nathaniel, 333, 405.
- Blum, John C., publisher, 811.
- Boarding houses, 32, 152, 246.
- Boarding schools, for women, 247; McPheeters, 286.
- Boddie, William W., 584.
- Bond, Silas, case cited, 71.
- Bonner, John, funeral, 147-48.
- Book binderies, in Raleigh, 814; in Fayetteville, Wilmington and New Bern, 814-15. Book stores, Gales in Raleigh, 765; North Carolina Book Store, 811; Hale's in Fayetteville, 814.
- Boomers, mountain, 62.
- Boonville, Disciples of Christ, 368.
- Borden, William, 3-4, 15.
- Boston Courier, 573.
- Boston Notion, 780.
- Bowden, Reddin, 693.
- Bowie, W. W. W., quoted, 483.
- Boyce, Annie, 474, 475.
- Boyce, Jacob, 554.
- Boyd, Charles, 577.
- Boylan, William, 48, 765, 787, 790. See Minerva.
- Boylan's Almanack, 811.
- Brady, John, 706.
- Bragg, John, 790.
- Branch, Governor John, quoted, 39, 428, 635, 637, 663-64, 755.
- Brandon, A. W., quoted, 275-76, 276-77.
- Breshard's School, Miss, 308.
- Brevard, Alexander F., 238, 252, 371, 443, 470.
- Brevard, John F., quoted, 541.
- Brevard, Joseph, quoted, 318, 371, 470-71, 524, 535.
- Brewer, Eliza, 206.
- Brickell, Dr. John, quoted, 48, 97, 738-39, 747, 753.
- Bridges, supervision, 26-27; disputes over, 32; Sessum's, 98; power of county court over, 622; burning capital offense, 652.
- Bridgman, Catharine, 704.
- British and Foreign Bible Society, 416.
- Broadsides, publication, 810-11.
- Brodie, Charlotte B., 307.
- Brodnax, Mrs. John W., 237.
- Brookfield, William, 598.
- Brooks, John, 557.
- Brothels, 215 and n.
- Brown, Asa A., editor, 566, 774.
- Brown, Cain, 704.
- Brown, John, raid, 521
- Brown, John P., 476.
- Brown-Marsh, fair, 106; revival, 382.
- Brown, R. H., publisher, 798.
- Brown, Robert, 493.
- Brown University, 299.
- Brown, W. A. G., 803.
- Brown, William Hill, poet, 826.
- Browntown, Davidson County, 796n.
- Bruce, Phillip, 383-84, 391, 407.
- Brunswick County, 53, 272, 487, 488, 489-90, 632.
- Bryan, Charlotte, 308.
- Bryan, Isabel, 308.
- Bryan, James W., of Carteret, 602.
- Bryan, James W., of New Bern, 505-6, 611.
- Bryan, John H., congressman, 31, 61, 148-49, 158, 161, 243, 244, 250, 432, 520-21, 539, 563.
- Bryan, Mrs. John H., 161-62, 237, 238.
- Bryan, Mary Norcott, 726.
- Bryan, Mary S., 175, 308.
- Buchanan, James, visit, 141.
- Buffalo settlement, 350.
- Bulletin, Charlotte, 774, 785.
- Bumpass, Frances Webb, 802.
- Bumpass, Mrs., midwife, 527.
- Bumpass, Sidney D., 802.
- Buncombe County, 39, 42, 62, 72n, 108, 188, 584, 633, 694.
- Bunting, John C., editor, 800, 824.
- Burch, Bailor, 538.
- Burgess, Lovatt, 592.
- Burglary, death without benefit of clergy, 645 and n; under Revised Code, 652; frequency, 659, 660; convictions and prosecutions, 666-67; case of failure to prosecute, 671.
- Burgwyn, Henry K., 485-86, 565.
- Burgwyn plantations, 526, 527.
- Burgwyn, Thomas O., 485-86.
- Burke County, 108, 496, 520, 590-91, 631, 632, 633, 682, 696, 735, 760.
- Burke, Governor Thomas, 428, 821.
- Burkitt, Lemuel, 339, 386, 387-88, 395, 412, 815, 816.
- Burning at stake, 506-7, 513.
- Burr, Talcott, Jr., editor, 774.
- Burrington, Governor George, quoted, 10, 358, 470.
- Burton, Governor H. G., 140, 156, 736.
- Burton, Simon, 289.
- Busbee, Quentin, 173, 799.
- Buxton, Jarvis, 414.
- Cabarrus County, 140, 212, 358, 359, 361n, 362, 397, 415, 417, 420, 599, 727, 749.
- Cadets of Temperance, 171.
- Cain, Elijah, 736.
- Cain, William, trust fund, 240.
- Calcidonia, plantation, 495.
- Caldwell, Charles, 821.
- Caldwell, David, log college, 285, 377; and Great Revival, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381; Caruther's Sketch, 816-17.
- Caldwell, Mrs. David, 380.
- Caldwell, John, 297.
- Caldwell, Joseph, Numbers of Carlton and Letters on Popular Education, 24. 296, 812; quoted, 116-17, 228, 263-64, 267, 271, 331-32, 714; and University of North Carolina, 292-94; Elementary Geometry, 822.
- Caldwell, Thomas, poet, 826.
- Caldwell Institute, Greensboro, 317.
- Calhoun, John C., visit, 141; funeral, 146.
- Calomel, in treatment of influenza, 732; of cholera infantum, 742; of worms, 742; as purgative, 750; in typhoid fever, 751.
- Calvin, Ann J., 534.
- Calvinism, Particular Baptists, 337; Presbyterian, 349, 352.
- Calvinistic Methodists, 376.
- Camden, S. C., 470, 524, 535.
- Camden County, 46, 194, 510.
- Camden Journal, 172.
- Cameron, Judge Duncan, 547, 687-88.
- Cameron, J. A., quoted, 656, 689.
- Cameron, Thomas N., 204, 252.
- Camp meeting and revival movements, social status of leaders, 60; influence, 93, 181, 209; recreational feature, 100, 408; Chap. XIII, 371-409. See Great Revival.
- Camp meeting songs, 137. See Spiritual songs.
- Campbell, Alexander, visit, 367.
- Campbell, J. D., editor, 799.
- Campbell, James, 106.
- Campbell, Rev. James, 349.
- Campbell, Thomas, 366, 367.
- Campbell Minstrels, 180.
- Canals, 6, 115, 118, 119.
- Canoe, John. See John Canoe.
- Cantwell, Edward, 566; quoted, 618, 646-47, 654.
- Cape Fear Recorder, 37, 767, 769.
- Capeheart, T., 571.
- Capitol, burning of, 32, 165; described, 121; water tower, 136; uses put to, 139-140, Lafayette at, 140; celebration of completion, 143-144; Square, 173, 174.
- Card playing, 95 and n, 186-87, 243, 327, 490, 498, 557,
- Carey, John F., 169.
- Carolina Baptist, 803.
- Carolina Centinel, 767.
- Carolina Christian Monthly, 803.
- Carolina Cultivator, quoted, 93, 526; 567, 797, 800.
- Carolina Federal Republican, 766.
- Carolina Gazette, 804.
- Carolina Law Repository, 794.
- Carolina Observer, quoted, 190, 238, 628; 767, 768. See Fayetteville Observer.
- Carolina Watchman, 770-79, passim, 804, 809, 822, 823; quoted, 61, 93, 100-1, 162, 248, 254, 541, 572, 672, 698.
- Carpenter's School, Miss, 308.
- Carraway, S. B., 523.
- Carter, Hill, 84n.
- Carteret County, 15-16, 77, 211, 257, 265, 355, 427, 504-5, 514-15, 526, 602, 688, 694, 705, 707.
- Carthage, 342, 389.
- Caruthers, Rev. Eli. W., quoted, 11-12, 331, 381 399, 399-400, 405-6, 437, 440-41; "Evils of Slavery," 462, Sketch of the Life and Character of the Rev. David Caldwell, 816-17; Old North State, 817.
- Cary, Thomas, 355.
- Cary Rebellion, 354.
- Casket, 798.
- Caswell, Richard, 250, 821.
- Caswell County, 187, 287, 288, 310, 371, 417, 470, 473-74, 482, 484, 536, 597, 682, 696, 727, 747, 760.
- Catawba County, 94, 361n.
- Catawba Journal, quoted, 318, 446, 494, 642.
- Catawba Springs, 188.
- Catechism for the Oral Instruction of Colored Persons, 464, 544.
- Catholics, controversy over officeholding, 427-28.
- Caulkins, Nehemiah, quoted, 593.
- Chaffin, W. A., 327.
- Chambers, Maxwell, legacy, 298.
- Chancery Court, agitation for, 338-40; of colonial period, 616.
- Chapel Hill, 141, 824; Elisha Mitchell home, 85; streets, 131; lighting, 232-33; military instruction, 289; University, 290-91; North Carolina Historical Society, 296; Joseph Caldwell, 331; medical board, 759; Harbinger and Columbian Repository, 795, 797; Mrs. Spencer, 826.
- Chapel Hill Literary Gazette, 800n.
- Chaplin, J. J., book bindery, 814.
- Charity. See Poor relief; Philanthropy.
- Charleston, S. C., 5, 8, 23, 63, 67, 86, 114, 122, 175, 183, 470, 485, 503, 529, 796.
- Charlotte, railroad, 25; plank roads, 26; fear of New Englander after leaving, 33; newspaper quoted on homespun, 88; lodge, 101; population, 114; location, 115; described, 121; street lights, 129; streets paved, 132; moral society, 151; May day, 155; gas lights, 129, 233; shops, 247; A. J. Leavenworth on illiteracy, 267; Queen's Museum, 296; Female Academy, 306, 307; schools for women, 307; Baptist Church, 342; Catholic Church, 368; paper disapproves of Sunday newspapers, 446; Sabbath breaking protested, 448; abolitionist tarred and feathered, 581; erysipelas epidemic, 737; newspapers, 769, 774, 796; Mecklenburg Declaration, 818.
- Charlotte Democrat, quoted, 371, 390.
- Charlotte Journal, quoted, 793.
- Charlotte Whig, quoted, 509-10.
- Chatham, Thomas, 557.
- Chatham County, 27, 34, 107, 166n, 271, 289, 355, 445, 493, 527, 602-3, 610, 669, 730, 795.
- Chavis, John, 609-10.
- Cherokee County, 632, 633.
- Cherry, William W., 272.
- Child Paper, 418.
- Childbirth, use of midwives, 252, 739; of slaves, 527, 530; death penalty for concealing, 646; concealing misdemeanor under Revised Statutes of 1837, 651; frequency of, 739; use of spirituous liquors in, 740 and n.
- Children, number, 58, 69, 102n, 250, 251; of middle class, 64; parents spoil, 78; care of, 235-36, 238; education of by mothers, 238 and n; infant death rate, 250-51; effect of nurses on, 252-53; discipline, 253-55, 326-29; legal status, 255-56; guardianship of, 256-58; opposition to educating poor, 261-62; education of poor, 265-66, 425, 433; religious instruction, 419-22, 447-48; care of slave, 527; of slaves take status of mother, 588; apprentice system, 703-8; health, 741-43. See Infant care.
- Childs, John W., revivalist, 389.
- Chimneys, of taverns, 96; types of, 132, 224; described, 225; swept down, 234; brick, 309; wooden, 310.
- Cholera, town ordinances, 127; in Lenoir County, 523; among slaves, 528; as miasmatic disease, 730; Asiatic in Elizabeth City, 730-31; treatment, 751.
- Chowan County, 240, 470, 490, 508, 601, 694.
- Christian Church, O'Kelly branch, 366-67; Disciples of Christ, 367-68; Christian Sun, 802.
- Christian Intelligencer, quoted, 464.
- Christian Sun, 802.
- Christianity and Slavery, 463.
- Christmas, celebration of, 62-63, 101, 145, 529, 550-53, 554, 559, 700.
- Chronology of North Carolina, 799.
- Church ale, described, 439.
- Church benevolence. See names of denominations; Philanthrophy.
- Church Intelligencer, 803.
- Church of England, 18, 148, 204, 332-33, 337, 343, 354, 431, 684.
- Church services, in country, 100; in town, 128, 139; in settlers' homes, 430; discussed, 442-46; neglect of as cause for discipline, 451, 452.
- Church wardens. See Wardens of poor.
- Circuses, 158, 179, 190.
- Civil jurisdiction, of magistrate's court, 617 and n; of county court, 621; of superior court, 623; contracts, 628-29; imprisonment for debt, 654-57.
- Civil rights, property qualification on officeholding, 34-35, 76; property qualification on the franchise, 35-36; restoration by legislative act, 44; deprived of on conviction of crime, 71; restraint of free Negroes, 598-99; incapacity of free Negro as legal witness against white, 599; free Negroes required to register, 599-600; legislation of 1830-31 against free Negro, 600-1; retained by free Negroes, 601; free Negro's right to vote, 601-4. See Freedom of Speech; Natural rights.
- Clancy, John D., 769.
- Clarendon Horse Guards, 173.
- Clark, Henry S., duel, 790.
- Clark, Mary, quoted, 94.
- Clarke, Mary Bayard, Wood-Notes, 825; Mosses from a Rolling Stone, 826; quoted, 829-30.
- Class consciousness. See Social Classes.
- Clay, Henry, 141, 150, 249, 787.
- Clay, William H., 159.
- Clay-eating, 72-73.
- Clements, William, 334.
- Clemonsville High School, 300, 326.
- Clergy, social status, 60; opposition to theaters, 178; denied seat in Legislature, 427, 428-29; jury and patrol duty, 429-30. See Preachers.
- Cleveland County, 5, 188, 632, 633, 776.
- Clinton, Thomas L., duel, 45.
- Clinton, conspiracy, 519-20.
- Coakley, Benjamin, 219.
- Cockfighting, 17, 128, 180-81, 184n.
- Coffee, drinking, 91, 158, 160, 227, 232, 523.
- Coffle, slave, 473.
- Cogswell, Joseph Green, quoted, 52n.
- Coke, Bishop Thomas, 346, 374, 420.
- Cole, C. C., editor, 801.
- Cole, Dr. John, 709.
- Colfax 576.
- Collection of All the Public Acts of Assembly, 813.
- Colleges, denominational, Davidson, 296-98; Wake Forest, 298-300; Trinity, 300-1; New Garden Boarding School, 301-2.
- Collins, Josiah, Jr., 485, 488, 548.
- Colloquial and provincial expressions, fall sores, 73; terms applied to lovers, 195-196; of camp meeting, 392, 396; bees, spells, 435; marryings, buryings, 438; deaconing the lives, 444; preaching, 445; Gospel steps, 450; black family, 468; first dark, 479, shufflers, 479; pleasured, 522; after task, 530; seeing pleasure, 540; Christmas gift, 552; example in Negro's speech, 557; three-cent drinks on the wink, 559; being in law, 629; put a period to her existence, 709; big houses, 718; wash place, 718; dirt farmer, 723; fever breeder, 726; summer complaint, 730; independent as a woodsawyer, 829. See Slang.
- Colonial and State Records, 820.
- Colonization movement, assistance of Quakers, 462 Joseph Gales, 569; Legislature, 569; societies, 462, 569-70, confused with anti-slavery agitation, 570; contributions to, 570-72.
- Colton, Henry E., 823.
- Columbia, S. C., 5, 23, 196-98, 252, 362, 414, 527.
- Columbian College, 299.
- Columbian Repository, 795, 797, 799.
- Columbus County, 272, 488.
- Commerce, 3-4, 5-6, 8, 23, 115, 830. See Industries; Trade.
- Commercial, Wilmington, 773, 789.
- Common law, marriages, 207-8, 207n; legislative enactment of 1778 concerning, 646; benefit of clergy, 647; more specific definitions of by Revised Statutes of 1837, 651.
- Common School Fund, 279n. See Literary Fund.
- Common schools. See Public schools.
- Communication, means of in colonial period, 19; effect of lack on society, 22, 115. See Postal service, Transportation, Telegraph, Newspapers.
- Communism, of early Moravian settlement, 363-64.
- Concord, plank roads, 26.
- Concord Presbytery, Davidson College, 297; establishment, 351 and n; Great Revival, 377-78, 382; missionary, 411-12.
- Congregationalist Christians, 366.
- Connecticut, 84, 85, 92, 120, 224, 242, 566, 570, 602, 757, 767.
- Connelly, Mrs. Mary, 43.
- Conner, Henry W., 206.
- Conner, Mrs. Henry W., 243.
- Consolidated Statutes, 630.
- Constables, popular election agitated, 76; town, 126, 127, 128; levy process at church, 445n.
- Cook, Hepsebeth, 692.
- Cook, Joshua, apprenticed, 704.
- Cook, Mary, apprenticed, 704.
- Cooke, William D., 714-16, 797, 799-800, 804.
- Cooke, William D., and Co., 796-97.
- Cooper, Jesse, 428, 603.
- Corn, as North Carolina crop, 6, 53, 485, 478-79, 481, 482n, 485.
- Corn shucking, 91-92, 95, 554, 559.
- Cornell, Catherine, 302.
- Cotten, Edward R., 821.
- Cotton, areas, 5, 53, 482; mills, 99, 117; use of compost, 478-79; as plantation crop, 481; on Panola plantation, 481-82; replaces tobacco, 482n; sold in Virginia and South Carolina, 828.
- Cotton Plant, steamboat, 151.
- Counterfeiting, 645, 646, 648, 651, 678.
- Country fairs, 106-107, 108-109.
- Country Line Association, 340n, 420.
- Country stores. See Stores.
- County Commissioners, 616, 635.
- County courts. See Ch. XXI, 613-43.
- County seats, location of, 32, 116-117; importance of, 116.
- Course racing, 182n, 183.
- Court of wardens. See Wardens of poor.
- Court system, court week described, 17, 148-149, 613-14; discussed, Ch. XXI, 613-43.
- Courtesy, legal right of, 240.
- Courthouses, as social center, 101, 108, 139, 141, 142, 143, 152, 168, 172; locations of, 116-117; described, 118, 120, 615; center of town business, 119; public contracts let at door, 131.
- Courtship and marriage customs, at summer resorts, 189; Ch. VII, 191-223.
- "Cousin Sally Dillard," by H. C. Jones, 772, 823.
- Cowan, Col., 141.
- Cowan, Thomas L., 177.
- Cowan's Ford, 297.
- Cowper and Krider, publishers, 794.
- Cox, Phillip, revivalist, 375.
- Craig, Burton, 770, 772.
- Craig, Dr. James A., 142.
- Craighead, Alexander, 350.
- Crane, Dr. A., 156.
- Cranioscopy, 757.
- Craven, Rev. Braxton, 64, 90, 300-1, 798.
- Craven, John, 596.
- Craven County, 32, 108, 311, 333, 520-21, 556, 574, 685, 694, 710.
- Crawford, William H., 564, 787.
- Creath, Jacob, 366.
- Creath, Jacob, Jr., 366.
- Crimes, punishable by death, 645-46; codification of code urged, 647-48; clergyable offenses, 647; punishable by dismemberment, 647-48; punishable by pillorying, whipping, or fine, 647-50, 649n; punishable by branding, 648; under Revised Statutes, 651-52; under Revised Code, 652-53; frequency tables, 658-60; agitation for a penitentiary, 661-73; leniency of juries and increase of, 674-76. See Misdemeanors.
- Criminal Code, Ch. XXII, 644-82.
- Crops. See Agriculture.
- Croker, John, 246.
- Crooks, Adam, 347, 575-78 passim.
- Cross Creek, 349.
- Crowder, W. J. W., quoted, 418, 448.
- Crowfield Academy, 285.
- Crudup, Josiah, 323, 429.
- Culpeper, John, 429.
- Culpepper, Henry, 46.
- Cumberland County, 32, 59, 106, 204, 211, 257, 274, 349, 504-5, 594, 658-59, 686-87, 697, 704, 707.
- Cummins, Ebenezer H., quoted, 397, 404-5.
- Cunningham, John W., quoted, 68-69.
- Curfew, for Negroes, 128, 604; for children, 254.
- Currency. See Money.
- Curriculum, of subscription schools, 284, 314; of academies, 284, 316-17; of colleges, 293-94; of women's schools, 303-4, 305-6, 325; of common schools, 315-16; religious instruction in, 317.
- Currie, Ebenezer B., 380.
- Currituck County, 43, 94, 105, 219-20, 343, 510, 608, 747, 755.
- "Curse of Canaan," justification for slavery, 463-64, 463n.
- Curtis, M. A., 753n.
- Cutting, Leonidas, 33, 334.
- Dancing, country, 48, 148; in planter's home, 84; dress at, 86; frolic, 90, 93; rope or wire, 139, 148; on steamboat, 151; subscription, 142, 156-58; opposition to, 157-58, 440, 449; types of, 158-59; on Capitol Square, 174-75; at summer resorts, 189; in education of women, 303; camp meeting, 396, 399-400; Morris, 439; as cause of church discipline, 451; slaves at Christmas, 552; at slave marriage, 536; at slave funeral, 540n; Kuner, 553; of slaves at frolics, 554-55, 701; act of 1794 regulating slaves, 554; during court week, 614.
- Dancy, John D., 478, 481, 482.
- Daniel, Beverly, 183.
- Daniel, Chesley, 323.
- Daniel, Joseph J., 255-56, 656.
- Daniel, Robert, 355.
- Daniel, R. T., 826.
- Danville Reporter, Va., quoted, 25, 828.
- Davenport Female College, 307.
- David, Negro preacher, 550.
- Davidson, General William, 297.
- Davidson College, 296-98, 301.
- Davidson County, 71, 116-17, 272, 360, 361, 362, 567, 609, 632, 727, 796.
- Davie, William R., 291, 292, 821.
- Davie County, 361n, 567, 733.
- Davies, Samuel, revivalist, 376-77.
- Davis, George, 812.
- Davis, James, dentist, 747.
- Davis, James, printer, 19, 794, 813, 814.
- Davis, William C., 816.
- Day, Aquilla, 585.
- Day, Thomas, free Negro cabinet maker, 585; manufacturer of Daybed, 607; owner of slaves, 608.
- Deaf, care of, 269, 711-15.
- Deaf Mute, 804.
- Deans, Daniel, and Methodism, 375.
- Death penalty, 644, 645-46, 651, 652-53, 654, 662, 665.
- Debating societies, 164, 166-67, 168, 318, 439.
- Debow, Solomon, 350.
- De Bow's Review, quoted, 543.
- Debt, settlement by church court, 450, 451; imprisonment for, 654-57.
- DeCarteret, John H., book bindery, 814.
- Deems, Charles F., writer, 445, 802, 804, 816, 826.
- Deists, 369, 403, 427, 765.
- Democracy, movement roward, 72-77.
- Democratic Free Press, 804.
- Democratic Messenger, 772.
- Democratic party, and free suffrage, 35-36; campaign of 1840, 150; North Carolina Standard, 770-71; Wilmington Journal, 772; newspapers, 787; North Carolina party stronger than, 828-29.
- Democratic Review, quoted, 74.
- Denison, Mary A., 801.
- Dent, Rev., Episcopal minister, 333.
- Dentistry, 745-47.
- Detargny, Martin, 286, 323.
- Devereux, T. P., 474, 523.
- Devereux, Thomas Pollock, of Raleigh, 85.
- Dialect, example, 103; influence of Negro nurses on, 252; benny, 754; poor white, 824; See Colloquial and provincial expressions.
- Dialectic Society, 292.
- Diaspora, of Moravian Church, 365.
- Dick, Rev. Thomas, 181 and n.
- Dickson, Alexander, 692.
- Dickson, Dr. J. H., quoted, 720-21, 730, 742.
- Dickson, William, quoted, 224.
- Diet, small farmers, 16, 66, 90; planters, 84-85; poor classes, 91; children, 236; slaves, 522-23; slave children, 527; infants, 741; effect on teeth, 746. See Food.
- Directorium and Unity Vorsteher Collegium, 364.
- Disciples of Christ, expansion, 365-68; number in 1860, 369; newspapers edited by J. T. Walsh, 802-3.
- Diseases, Ch. XXIV.
- Dismukes, A. H., editor, 767, 768.
- Disorderly house, 659, 667, 670.
- Divorce, petitions for, 202 and n; legislative control of, 217-18, 219; acts of 1814 and 1827, 218-19, 223; separation contracts, 219-20; causes for tabulated, 220-23; race mixing as ground, 588-89; constitutional amendment of 1835, 625.
- Dix, Dorothea L., on jail conditions, 681-82; on care of poor, 693, 696-97; on care of insane, 710-11, 712.
- Dix Hill, 713.
- Dixon, Alexander, 265.
- Dobbins, James C., 712-13.
- Dobbins, Mrs. James C., 712.
- Dobbs, Arthur, colonial governor, 358.
- Doctors, number in 1860, 60; in county seats, 116; in childbirth, 252, 739, 740; folk, 739, 747, 754-56; education of, 289; Moravian, 364; employed for care of slaves, 527-28; slave, 527; charity work, 700-1; care of insane, 708; on tuberculosis, 729-30; use of smallpox vaccine, 735; surgery, 743-45; dentistry, 745-47; number, 747, 761; fees, 748-49; education, 749; medical therapy, 749-52; of the cults, 756-57; fight for medical board, 758-63, 830.
- Dodge, James R., quoted, 643.
- Doherty, W. H., 322.
- Don Quixote Invincibles, 109, 145, 148, 185.
- Donaldson Cotton Factory, 489.
- Do-nothing policy, 23, 31, 37, 673-77.
- Dorcas Society, 163n.
- Doub, William C., 767.
- Dow, Lorenzo, revivalist, 403; on camp meeting disorders, 407.
- Dower, right of, 241, 621.
- Drane, Robert B., 816.
- Dress, of women, 87-88, 151, 246, 792; materials, 88; of men, 89, 90; at dances, 157; military, 173; for ring tournament, 184; churches disapprove fine clothes, 449; of slaves, 523-25; John Canoe, 553; condemned criminals, 677, 678.
- Drinking, 17, 96, 97, 98; at dinner, 84-85; at fire-side, 91; at corn shucking, 92; at dances, 93, 159-60; at country stores, 99; Fourth of July, 142; at Christmas, 145; at funeral, 146; in campaign of 1840, 150; increase, 153; of ministers, 439; of slaves, 556-59; legislation to control slaves', 557. See Drunkenness.
- Droughts, 697-99.
- Drugs and remedies, Ch. XXIV, especially, 752 et seq.
- Drunkenness, frequency, 17, 97-98, 456; at musters, 103; at fairs, 106; in town, 151; as cause for divorce, 221, 223; opposition of churches, 346, 449; at camp meeting, 407; on Sunday fined, 447; as cause for church discipline, 450, 451-52, 451n, 454, 458; of slaves, 553, 556-59; during court week, 614; of justices of county court, 634; punishment, 649; at public executions, 677-78, 679; proposal to send to house of correction, 695.
- Dudley, Christopher, 551-52.
- Dudley, Governor Edward B., 24, 177, 272, 586, 660, 669, 670.
- Duels, Spaight-Stanly, 42, 43-44; Clingman-Yancey, 45; Wilkings-Flanner, 45; law against, 44, as result of horse races, 183; of courtship, 197, 198-99; punishment for killing in, 645; newspaper, 790.
- Duke University, early history, 300-1; first building described, 310.
- Dunkers, 342, 356n.
- Duplin County, 107, 224, 265, 328, 349, 350, 488, 515-16, 519-20, 550, 556n, 589, 681, 686, 691-92, 693, 697, 722, 755.
- Durham County, 54.
- Dutch, settlers, 9.
- Dwight, Timothy E., 286.
- Dyche's Spelling Book, 814.
- Dying thoughts of Richard Baxter, 815.
- Earl, Daniel, 333-34.
- Easter, John, revivalist, 375.
- Easter Monday, celebration, 111, 180.
- Eclecticism, 575.
- Edenton, academy, 18, controversy over location of capitol, 32; Dr. James A. Norcom, 47; population, 114; free Negroes, 128, 599-600, 606; patrol, 129; fire protection, 133, 134; entertains Monroe, 141; coquettes, 198; religion in, 332; Thomas Campbell's visit, 367; female missionary society, 425; St. Paul's Church, 435; resident quoted on Sabbath keeping, 447; plantations, 473; Negro Methodists, 545; John Canoe custom, 552-53; resident offers money for Negro colonization, 570; district court, 622; architect, 666; relief to seamen, 702; influenza in 1808, 732; smallpox, 737; meeting of doctors, 748; Gazette, 764, 766, 767; Medical Journal, 799; North Carolina Baptist Interpreter, 802; Hodge and Wills printery, 814; Hugh Williamson, 817; Dr. Matthias E. Sawyer, 822.
- Edenton Gazette, quoted, 87, 129, 130, 146-47, 215, 331, 407, 556, 699, 729, 764, 766, 767, 768, 781 804, 814.
- Edgecombe County, 53, 54, 98, 106-7, 186, 211, 214, 224, 257, 259-60, 267, 272, 274, 333, 469, 470, 478, 481-82, 495, 515, 549-50, 599, 658-59, 687, 688, 699, 725, 727, 732, 736.
- Edgecombe Farm-Journal, 797.
- Edgeworth Seminary, 175, 307.
- Edinburgh Magazine, quoted, 59.
- Editors, slave interests, 566; William Boylan, 765; Gales family, 765-66; in 1810, 766; in 1823, 767; Dennis Heartt, 767-68; George Howard, 769; Greensborough Patriot, 769; Western Carolinian, 769-70, 770n; Thomas Loring, 770-71; W. W. Holden, 771; Carolina Watchman, 771-72; Wilmington Journal, 772; news policy, 781-86; editorial policy, 786-94; on reading habits of people 804-5. See Newspapers; Periodicals.
- Edmundson, William, 353 and n, 354.
- Education, in colonial period, 18, 265, 285, 296; attitude toward, 80, 81, 260-72; polite branches of, 159, 228, 303; library societies substitution for, 167; of women, 228, 302-8, 343; in home, 238 and n; agitation for free, 260, 262-65; opposition to, 261-62, 330; effect on poverty, 263, 264; methods and curriculum, 309-30; ministerial, 362, 440-42; of slave forbidden, 498; bill of 1800 on slave, 500; of slaves, 541-43, 559; of free Negroes, 610; of apprentices, 705-6; of deaf and blind, 714-16; medical, 749. See Public Schools, Subscription schools, Academies, Colleges, University of North Carolina.
- Edwards, Morgan, visit, 372, 373.
- Edwards' History of Redemption, 441.
- Elections, country stores polling places for, 98; described, 104-5; city, 124-25, 148, 149; congregating of slaves at, 551.
- Elizabeth City, Sawyer's letter on electioneering, 105; population, 114, 583; courthouse, 139; court week, 148; dances, 159; Dorcas Society, 163; Episcopal parochial school, 425; suit against Methodist minister, 430; insurrection of 1802, 510; Negro trader ridden on rail, 534; Episcopal Negro congregation, 547; free Negroes, 583, 606; courtyard cleared, 614; yellow fever of 1810, 729; Asiatic cholera, 730-31; newspapers, 766, 767, 768-69; Herald of the Times, 799, Star in the East, 804.
- Elizabeth City Gazette, 766.
- Elizabeth City Star, 767, 768-69.
- Ellenwood, H. S., poet, 825.
- Ellis, Governor John W., 307.
- Elm City Cadets, 129.
- Emancipation, of slaves, Christianity as reason, 458 and n; Quaker position, 459-61; churches on gradual, 459, 467; unconditional, 461; in North, 472; legal effect of, on slave marriages, 537; early views on, 561-63; Minerva on gradual, 562; Burgwyn on effects of English, 565; effect of theory of natural rights on, 562, 593; Helper's call for, 568; colonial laws on, 593; act of 1795, 593-94; jurisdiction of county courts over, 594; by legislative act, 595; jurisdiction of superior courts, 595-96; by will, deed, or trust, 596-97; provision for by John Craven, 596-97; quasi-slavery void, 597; petitions from free Negroes, 607-8.
- Emerald, 797.
- Emigration, of farmers, 3; drain on population, 21; discussed, 38-41; North Carolinians living outside State tabulated, 40; B. S. Hedrick on, 567; west-ward movement, 827. See Migration.
- Emmons, Ebenezer, 525-26.
- Empie, Adam, Episcopal minister, 335.
- Engagement, marriage, 192, 198, 199-202.
- English, Mary, 693.
- Epidemics, and creation of boards of health, 127; Ch. XXIV; fever of 1842, 727; fever of 1846-47, 727-28. See Diseases.
- Episcopal Church. See Protestant Episcopal Church.
- Equity court. See Court System.
- Ergot, use in childbirth, 740.
- Erwin, Dr. J. S., 760.
- Etheridge, William, 43.
- Etiquette, of duel, 42, 45; social niceties of, 53, 192; in Raleigh, 62; described, 64; of petty officeholders, 65; southern, 83-85; of balls, 156-57, 157n; of formal letter, 196.
- Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, organization, 359; expansion, 360-62; bounds, 361n; mission work, 414; Sunday school work, 419-20; declines union with Protestant Episcopal Convention, 431; ministers, 441; church councils, 448; position on intemperance, 457; position on slavery, 466; resolution of 1814 on Negroes, 546. See Lutherans.
- Evangelical Museum, publication, 802.
- Evans, C. N. B., editor, 769.
- Evans, Henry, free Negro, 344-45, 549.
- Everett, Edward, visit, 141.
- Evergreen, publication, 798.
- Excursions, week-end, 84-85; boat, 151.
- Executions, public, 174, 677-79.
- Extra-marital relations, children born prior to marriage, 209-10, 209n; bastardy cases, 210-12; laws on, 212-15.
- Factories, employees, 66; location, 98-99; cotton, 99, 117, 247; Fayetteville, 136; candle and soap, 233; white girls in, 247; children in, 247; slave labor, 489. See Mills.
- Faddis, John, 533, 534, 746.
- Fairs, 106-9, 185, 702.
- Falkner, Sarah, 306.
- Falkner Boarding School, 247, 305-6, 306-7.
- Family, size of, 58, 69, 251-52; discipline, 193, 253-55; the dwelling, 224-28; the ante-bellum woman, 228-31; housewifery, 231-38; woman's legal status, 238-45; woman as wage earner, 245-50; status of children, 250-58; religious worship, 349, 353; of slaves, 535-41; slaves attend family prayers, 547; medical practices, 747, 752.
- Family Vister, 803.
- Farmers, number tabulated, 57; social position, 58, 65-67; number in legislature, 63; dress of, 86, 88, 90; recreation, 90-109, 113; sports, 109-13; position on slavery, 561, 567; Helper on effect of slavery, 567-68; opposed to reform, 627; use of almanac, 718. See Farms; Yeomanry.
- Farmers' Advocate, publication, 796.
- Farmer's Advocate and Miscellaneous Reporter, 796 and n.
- Farmer's and Planter's Almanac, Salem, 811, 825.
- Farmers' Journal, quoted, 77, 475, 478, 479, 484, 485, 486-87, 490, 495, 506, 522, 523, 526, 796-97.
- Farmers' Register, 796, 827.
- Farmers' Reporter and Rural Repository, 796.
- Farmers' School, 290.
- Farms, region of small, 53; economy, 54, 65-66, 81; size tabulated, 54; cash value of average, 55; 100-acre gifts proposed, 55; described, 66; recreation on, 90-95; in connection with poor houses, 694-95; apprentices on, 705.
- Farrand, Stephen Lee, 177.
- Farrow, John, 219, 220.
- Farrow, Rebekah, 219, 220.
- Fayetteville, Cape Fear navigable to, 5;
Scotch settle, 11;
plank roads, 26;
roads to impassable, 27;
mail service, 29 and n;
telegraph, 30;
feud over capital, 32;
fortune teller, 50;
population, 114, 117, 583;
location, 115-16;
growth of, 117-18;
described, 121;
board of health, 127;
free Negroes, 128, 583, 599-600, 606;
street repair, 131-132;
fire protection, 132, 133, 134, 136;
wagoners' camp described, 137;
market house, 138;
Lafayette's visit, 140;
boat excursion, 151;
hotels, 152 and n;
shop talk, 154;
lodge, 156;
dance 157n, 159;
St. John's Church, 163, 266, 425, 435-36;
Female Orphan Asylum, 163-64, 266;
Female Society of Industry, 163-64, 702;
reading room, 164;
library organizations, 166n;
Lyceum Association, 167;
temperance society, 170;
mechanics association, 174;
theatrical society, 177;
public entertainments, 178-79;
gambling, 187;
concealment of childbirth, 212-13;
houses on road, 224;
candle factory, 233;
shops, 247;
academy, 285, 292, 309-10;
infant school, 290-91;
Presbyterian church, 292;
Methodist Church, 344,
420, 545;
North Carolina Presbyterian, 352;
revival, 384;
Bible Society station, 417;
Hay Street Sunday School, 421;
female missionary society, 425;
church quarrel, 432;
slave prices in 1859, 476;
advertisement for runaway, 493;
and conspiracy of 1831, 519-20;
African Episcopal Congregation, 547;
white sentenced for kidnaping free Negro, 597;
petition for free Negroes, 599;
free Negro vote in municipal elections, 604;
free Negro barber, 607;
free Negro school, 610;
district court, 622;
county seat town, 657n;
controversy over location of penitentiary, 664, 669;
contribution to poor of Europe, 698; health ordinances, 720-21; introduction of smallpox vaccine, 735; dentists, 747; newspapers, 765, 766; Observer, 767, 768; religious papers, 794-95, 801-2; Mrs. Mary Ayer Miller, 826. - Fayetteville Academy, 287, 292, 304, 307, 309-10.
- Fayetteville Carolinian, 566.
- Fayetteville Communicator, 804.
- Fayetteville Courier, 774.
- Fayetteville Female Society of Industry, 163-64, 702.
- Fayetteville Intelligencer, 766.
- Fayetteville Minerva. See Minerva.
- Fayetteville Observer, quoted, 20, 30, 44, 46, 54, 59, 65, 67, 131-32, 133, 163-64, 167, 179, 185, 187, 389, 394, 514-15, 519-20, 562, 570, 577, 581, 672, 673, 675, 727-28, 732, 788-89, 793, 795n, 823, 828-29; publication, 770; local news, 782; scoop on foreign news, 784; dependence on northern newspapers, 784; length of publication, 804, 809; business policy, 806; low advertising rates, 807-8; printery and book shop. 814.
- Fayetteville Presbytery, 351, 382, 412, 816.
- Featherstonhaugh, G. W., 472-73.
- Federalists, on public education, 260; and University of North Carolina, 295; Minerva organ of, 765; and Star, 767; newspapers, 787.
- Felton, Boon, 759.
- Femme Covert, 243n.
- Fenner, Richard, president North Carolina Medica Society, 758.
- Ferries, 26-27, 32.
- Fertilizer. See Agriculture.
- Fevers, infantile, 251; full discussion, Ch. XXIV.
- Field, David Dudley, 613.
- Fighting, described, 17; in ante-bellum period, 42-43, 43n; at musters, 102-3; at public gatherings, 148; at public executions, 678.
- Fillmore, President Millard, 141.
- Fire companies and engines, 127, 132-35, 139.
- Fireplaces, of tavern described, 96; kitchen, 226, 227; earth hearth, 310; schoolhouse, 312.
- Fisher, Charles, 177.
- Fisher, Charles F., 168, 770 and n, 775.
- Fisher, E. C., 713.
- Fisher, George, quoted, 664.
- Fisheries, 66, 94, 95, 489.
- Fisher's River Scenes, 103, 617, 629, 824.
- Flanner, Joseph H., 45.
- Fleming, Samuel, 47.
- Flat River Association, Baptist, 340n, 385, 455, 457.
- Fleming, Samuel, 47.
- Folk-doctors, medicine in hands of, 717, 747; surgery, 743; prevalence, 755-56; effect on medical therapy, 762.
- Food, supplied hired hands, 71; at dinner party, 84-85, 90, 91, 161n; at corn shucking, 91, 92; at tea, 160; at temperance meetings, 172; at band concert, 174; at slave wedding, 536. See Diet.
- Foote, Rev. William Henry, quoted, 146, 353; Sketches of North Carolina, 816.
- Forbes, E. M., 548.
- Forbis, John, 406.
- Forgery, punishment, 648; frequency, 659, 660; prosecutions and convictions, 667; a sentence for in Beaufort County, 671.
- Fornication and adultery, frequency, 657, 658, 659, 660; prosecutions and convictions, 667, 670.
- Forster, Anthony, Sermons, 816.
- Forsyth County, 12, 125, 323, 575-76, 776.
- Fory, Mrs. E. Delancy, 798.
- Fothergill, Samuel, quoted, 458.
- Fourth of July, celebration of, 97, 100, 104, 140, 142-43, 172, 173, 174, 270.
- Fox, George, 354.
- Franchise, property qualifications, 35-36; free Negro's right to, 601-4; free Negro voters in towns, 602, 604; Constitutional Amendment against free Negro, 603.
- Francis, Michael, 249n.
- Franklin, N. C., 62.
- Franklin County, 5, 470, 697-98, 792.
- Free labor, in West, 33; competition with Negro labor, 71-72, 72n, 174; Burgwyn's use on plantation, 486; Negro fishermen compete with whites, 556; attitude on slavery, 561, 567; best for development of country, 562; of Raleigh opposed to free Negroes, 586, 587. See Labor.
- Free love, 458, 464.
- Free Negroes, in colonial period, 10; road work, 27; social status, 59, 582; competition with white laborers, 71-72, 174; town regulation of, 128-29; distribution of population, 276n, 582-84; Henry Evans, 344, 549, 608; kidnaping, 461, 597, 646; benefit of clergy, 500; legal marriage required of, 537; abolition literature in possession, 550; dancing, 554; gambling with slaves forbidden, 557; petitions and legislation on sale of liquor by, 557; and colonization movement, 570-72; reaction against abolition felt most by, 577; of Wilmington whipped, 577-78; agitation for removal, 578, 581; full discussion, Ch. XX, 582-612; children of, 703, 705.
- Free schools, colonial legislation, 259; agitation for 260-65; early, 265-66. See Public Schools.
- Free Will Baptists, 362, 367.
- Freedom of speech, 42, 45-46; bill of 1800 against, 500; incendiary speech, 518, 574, 577; expulsion of B. S. Hedrick, 566-67; arrest and persecution of abolitionists, 574-80.
- Freeland Lodge No. 33, 101.
- Freeman, George W., 158, 286.
- Freeman, J. O., 325.
- Freeman, Ralph, 608-9.
- Freemen's Echo, 768.
- Frémont, John C., 567.
- French, settlers, 8, 9.
- Friedberg, settlement, 364.
- Friedland, settlement, 364.
- Friends, Society of, New Garden Boarding School, 301-2; discussed, 353-58; branches of, 357n; number in 1860, 369; conduct forbidden members, 449, 454; slaveholding prior to 1776, 458; resolution of 1776 on emancipation, 459-60; emancipation plan of 1806, 460-61; manumission societies, 461-62; relation to colonization movement, 462. See Quakers.
- Frolics, dance, 90, 93; Saturday night, 93, 153; drinking, 97; of slaves for the dead, 540; of slaves, 554.
- Fuller, Bartholomew, 803.
- Fuller, Richard, debate with Wayland on slavery, 463n.
- Fulton, David, 772, 823-24.
- Fulton, James, 772, 773-74, 782, 823-24.
- Fulwood, William, 383.
- Funeral customs, described, 145-48; Presbyterian Synod disapproves liquor at funerals, 454-55; slave, 496, 540-41; plays for dead, 540n.
- Furniture, of poor whites, 72; of country tavern, 96; tea tables, 160; of mansions, 226; of middle class, 227; of slave cabin, 525; slaves buy, 529; bathing equipment, 718.
- Gaelic language, 12, 349 and n.
- Gales, Joseph, 44, 286, 331, 562, 569, 610, 661, 714, 765-66, 775, 768, 773, 774, 775, 783-84, 786, 790, 792, 793-94, 814, 816, 822, 826. See Raleigh Register.
- Gales, Joseph, Jr., 783-84.
- Gales, Mrs. Joseph, 814, 824.
- Gales, Seaton, 766, 773, 785.
- Gales, Weston R., 586, 766, 786, 790.
- Gales' Almanack, 742, 811.
- Gambling, in county towns, 117; town ordinances against, 127; discussed, 186-87; as cause of church discipline, 451; forbidden to slaves, 498, 557; Supreme Court on gambling with slaves, 557; free Negroes forbidden with slaves, 601; jurisdiction of magistrate's court over, 618; at public executions, 678.
- Games, muggins, 95; long balls, 128; all fours, seven up, and muggins, 95 and n; quoits, 99; marbles, 99, 254; long bullets, 109, 111; cambuc, 110; ten pins, 128; A. B. C., faro bank, E. O., 186-87; backgammon and billiards, 187; regulation of childrens', 254; bowling, 490; dice forbidden slaves, 498; slaves at fish trap, 556. See Sports; Card playing; Bandy.
- Gander pulling, 109, 111-112, 184n.
- Gano, John, 337.
- Gardens, Hillsboro, 120; Raleigh, 121; plantation vegetable, 227; housewife's, 235; slave, 530.
- Garrison, William Lloyd, 573.
- Gash, Mary, 751.
- Gash, Mary A., 284.
- "Gaston," quoted, 627.
- Gaston, William, 200, 368, 427, 428, 460, 503-4, 813, 820, 821; quoted, 563, 603, 604, 626, 631, 637, 639, 655, 656, 812, 825.
- Gaston County, 368, 632, 633.
- Gates County, 391, 671.
- Gay, James, poet, 826.
- Gentry, in colonial period, 16, 18; and duelling, 42; discussed, 58-63; attitude toward labor, 66-67, 77-79; in politics, 75-77, 149; "ruffled shirt," 75, 89, 267; dress, 88, 89, 157; in town government, 123-25; dances of, 142, 158-59; at cockfights, 180; courtship, 223; use of Negro nurses, 252; religion, 353, 406; Sunday schools, 420; influence upon newspaper policy, 781. See Upper classes; Planters.
- Georgia, 8, 40, 42, 189, 388, 415, 468, 469, 506-7, 562.
- German language, 12, 358, 361, 365.
- German Presbyterian Church, 362, 415. See German Reformed Church.
- German Reformed Church, members in Piedmont, 12, 358; number in 1860, 369; camp meeting, 410; mission work, 414-15; churches, 430 and n; Great Revival, 431; ministers, 441.
- German Reformed Synod, missionaries, 362; separation from, 363.
- Germans, as settlers, 8, 9, 10, 12, 33, 65; quoted, 89; and education, 284-85.
- Germantown, election day, 149.
- Gibbon, J. H., cited, 463.
- Gibbs, Dr. Robert W., 527, 528, 530.
- Giles, John, 177.
- Giles, John, 603.
- Gillespie, John, 382.
- Gilmer, John A., 576, 577.
- Gilmore, William, 513.
- Glendinning, William, 346, 815.
- Goldsboro, railroad, 25, 26; Baptist Church, 342; dentists, 747; newspaper, 774.
- Goldsboro Telegraph, 566.
- Goldsborough Patriot, 566, 791.
- Golf, relation to bandy, 110.
- Goneke, Mr., music teacher, 175, 326.
- Goode, Trueman, free Negro, 539.
- Goodloe, Daniel Reaves, 568-69, 823.
- Gordon, William, 354.
- Gorman, Alexander M., 797, 803.
- Gouging, described, 17; law against, 42; at muster, 104.
- Graham, E. F., 200-2.
- Graham, Isabella, 248.
- Graham, Joseph, 664.
- Graham, William, 378.
- Graham, Governor William A., quoted, 21, 144, 274, 635, 638, 642, 715; as orator, 813.
- Grant, James, 287.
- Grant, James, Jr., 317.
- Granville County, 5, 56n, 289, 290, 334, 374, 379, 385, 417, 469, 473, 482, 484, 610, 620, 697-98, 710, 724-25.
- Graves, Elijah, 290.
- Gray, Robert, 327.
- Great Awakening, 338; influence in North Carolina, 372-73, 375, 376, 377, 396.
- Great Revival, effect on Baptists, 340, 385-88; Methodists, 346, 382-85, 390; among Presbyterians, 351, 377-82; Lutherans, 361, 409; antecedants, 371-77; later cycles, 388-90; encampments, 390-91; methods, 394-96; extravagances, 396-402; psychology, 402-6; disorders, 406-8; influence, 409, 446, 453; interdenominational, 431; conversion of slaves, 543; effect on slavery, 560-61.
- Green, Charles P., 790.
- Green, James, S., 177.
- Green, Thomas Jefferson, 822-23.
- Green, W. M., 424, 547.
- Green, Bishop William M., 177.
- Greene, General Nathanael, 19.
- Greene County, 388-89, 408, 470.
- Greensboro, railroad, 26; postal service, 28, 29; described, 80, 121; library society, 166; glee club, 175; shops, 247; Calvin H. Wiley, 277, 278; Log College, 285; music teachers, 290; schools, 307, 317; John C. Wharton, 312; Baptist church, 342; revival of 1842, 389; excitement over McBride-Crooks episode, 576; trial of Daniel Worth, 580; Patriot, 768, 769; Journal of Education, 799; Weekly Message, 802.
- Greensboro Female College, 307.
- Greensboro Times, 52, 779, 801.
- Greensborough Patriot, quoted, 40, 108, 389, 462, 565-66, 661, 672, 759n; publication, 768, 769, 770, 804, 809; wit, 823.
- Greenville, N. C., 307, 324, 341.
- Greenville, S. C., 26, 383.
- Greenville and Roanoke Railroad, 25.
- Greenville Female Academy, 307.
- Greenville Male Academy, 324.
- Gregory School for Young Ladies, 307.
- Grellet, Stephen, 562-63.
- Griffin, Charles, 18.
- Grimké, Sarah and Angelina, 248.
- Grog shops, 119, 151-53, 254, 490, 557.
- Grove, the, plantation, 106.
- Grove, William Barry, 181n, 813n.
- Guilford College, establishment, 301-2, 357n, 358; Yearly Meeting held at, 357n.
- Guilford County, 95, 107, 108, 153, 166n, 169, 278, 307, 338, 347, 350, 355, 356, 360, 361n, 362, 379, 417, 420, 429, 461, 575-77, 580, 682, 696, 699, 727, 759.
- Guion's Hotel, Raleigh, 152.
- Gully, Mr., description of farm, 66.
- Gunn, John C., 719, 729-30, 741.
- Gurley, Joseph, Episcopal minister, 333.
- Gurney, J. J., 357n, 473-74
- Hale, Edward J., quoted, 44, 59, 67, 163-64, 190, 628, 673, 788-89. See Fayetteville Observer.
- Hale, Edward J., Jr., 768.
- Hale, Peter M., 768.
- Halifax, newspapers, 19, 764, 766, 768; Lodge, 156; tea party, 160; theatrical society, 175; races, 182; Episcopal minister, 333; insurrection of 1802, 513; district court, 622; bill to include in prison bounds, 655; Abraham Hodge printery, 814.
- Halifax Compiler, 766, 777-78.
- Halifax County, 5, 20, 46, 172, 306, 374, 469, 470, 474-75, 485-86, 494, 503, 555-56, 574n, 582, 601, 655, 694, 697-98, 747.
- Halifax Journal, 46.
- Halifax Minerva, 768.
- Hall, A. J. N., 283.
- Hall, Capt. Basil, quoted, 152, 552.
- Hall, Clement, 814.
- Hall, Rev. James, 169, 377-78, 381n, 382, 383, 401, 416, 438-39, 455.
- Hall, James, 631.
- Hall, John, 626.
- Hall, W. S., book binder, 815.
- Hall and Bryan, printers, 766.
- Halling, Solomon, 333.
- Ham, Anna, 706.
- Hamilton, Horatio, of Salem, 675.
- Hamilton, Robert A., 108.
- Hammond, Jack, mulatto slave, 495.
- Hampden-Sydney College, 378.
- Hampton, Joseph W., 770n.
- Hancock, Susan J., poet, 826.
- Hanging, described, 677-78.
- Hannah More Female Academy, 307.
- Hanner, A. E., 769.
- Happoldt, Dr. J. M., 744.
- Harbinger, 795, 801, 819.
- Hardie, H., bathing rooms, 719.
- Hardy, Dr, J. F. E., 749, 751.
- Hargis, L. V., 535-36.
- Harman, Elder, Hezekiah, 445.
- Harman, Joseph, tavern, 180.
- Harnett, Cornelius, 818, 821.
- Harnett, Mrs. Cornelius, 245, 246.
- Harper's Monthly Magazine, 824.
- Harris, Dr. Charles, 749.
- Harris, Charles Wilson, 292.
- Harris, Samuel, 373.
- Hart, Josiah, 337.
- Harvard University, 749.
- Harvey, Thomas, 265.
- Hasell and Magrath, printers, 766.
- Haskins, Major, 605.
- Hathaway, W. B., quoted, 495, 733.
- Hawfields, Presbyterians, 350; Henry Pattillo, pastor, 377, 543; revival, 379, 380, 381; tombstones for slaves, 540n.
- Hawkins, Benjamin, 248.
- Hawkins, Mrs., 248-49.
- Hawks, Francis L., 820.
- Hawley, Francis, quoted, 438.
- Hayes plantation, 19.
- Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 827.
- Hayne, William, 252.
- Haywood, Dr. F. J., 745.
- Haywood, John, 534.
- Haywood, John, The Duty and Office of Justice of Peace, 814.
- Haywood, Sherwood, 586.
- Haywood, Thomas B., 291.
- Haywood, N. C., 29, 118.
- Haywood County, 26, 747.
- Hazel, Roger, 549.
- Health, of women, 80, 88, 157-58, 230; town control of, 126, 127; boards, 127; city ditches and, 131, 720-21; of slaves, 527-29; call for enforcement of town ordinances, 720-21, See Sanitation and Health.
- Health resorts. See Summer resorts.
- Heartt, Dennis, 561, 767-68, 771, 782, 792-93, 801, 814, 906.
- Heartt, Edwin A., 768.
- Heath, Mary, 692.
- Hedrick, B. S., 566-67, 579, 797.
- Heflin, R. T., 802.
- Helme, Dr. R. H., quoted, 562.
- Helper, Hinton Rowan, 78, 567-68, 823.
- Henderson, population, 114.
- Henderson, Eliza, 155.
- Henderson, Dr. James M., 155.
- Henderson, Jane, 247.
- Henderson, John Lawson, 177.
- Henderson, Leonard, 256, 288, 626, 647.
- Henderson, Lovedy, 608.
- Henderson, Philo, poet, 825.
- Henderson, Thomas, 181, 766-67.
- Henderson County, 632, 633.
- Henderson's Almanac, 718-19, 811.
- Hendersonville, population, 114; smallpox, 737; Carolina Baptist, 803.
- Henkel, David, 360, 816.
- Henkel, Paul, 359, 816.
- Henkel, Philip, 360.
- Henry, Jacob, 427.
- Henry, L. D., 157n.
- Hentz, Caroline, author, 824.
- Herald of the Times, 799.
- Herb doctors. See Medical botany.
- Herring, Benjamin, 328.
- Hertford, 354.
- Hertford County, 333, 387, 407, 470n, 485, 507, 511, 534, 571, 582, 601, 731-32, 759.
- Hicksite movement, 357 and n.
- High schools, 314 and n; Clemonsville, 300; discussed, 314 and n. 317-18. See Education.
- Highways, state-aid, 26. See Roads.
- Hill, Charles A., 270, 323.
- Hill, D. H., 290.
- Hill, Frederick, 108.
- Hill, Frederick J., 272.
- Hill, Green, 343, 442.
- Hill, Theophilus H., poet, 826.
- Hill, Colonel William L., 514.
- Hill, Dr. William B., 758.
- Hill, Dr. William G., 760.
- Hilliard, Dr. William Lewis, 749.
- Hillsboro, location, 115; described, 120-21, free protection needed, 134; Fourth of July celebration, 142-43; public barbecue, 149; petition against grog shops, 153; rowdies, 162; library society, 166n; races, 182; candle supply, 233; Archibald D. Murphey, 268; academies, 285, 307; law school, 288; military school, 289, 290; music school, 290; Female Academy, 307-10; Academy, 323, 326; Sunday school, 421; church, 430, 435; Ruffin representative in Legislature, 500; district court, 622; Tatom's agitation for penitentiary, 661-64; support of penitentiary bill, 665, summer resort, 726; Dr. Edmund Strudwick, 745; dentist, 746; Dr. Walter A. Norwood, 755; Recorder, 767-68.
- Hillsborough Recorder, quoted, 27, 134, 157-58, 252-53, 290, 533, 561, 565, 566, 661, 672, 679, 746, 767, 775, 783, 786, 792-93; length of publication, 804; printery, 814.
- Hinton, Joseph B., quoted, 264, 572-73.
- Hodge, Abraham, editor, 765, 814.
- Hodge, William, revivalist, 379, 380.
- Hodge and Wills, printers, 814.
- Hodges, W. B., 149.
- Hodgson, Adam, 526, 540.
- Hog raising, 53, 72, 96, 126, 129-30, 531.
- Holden, William Woods, 47, 74-75, 77-78, 314, 328, 566, 770-71, 775, 782, 789-90.
- Holidays, drunkenness on, 97, 153; congregating at country stores, 98; musters, 102-3; Easter Monday, 111; public, 113; Fourth of July, 142-43; Thanksgiving Day, 144; Christmas, 145; slave, 550-54.
- Holmes, Dr. L. L., quoted, 730.
- Holmes, Governor Gabriel, quoted, 562, 714.
- Holmes, Owen, quoted, 606.
- Homespun, use for dress materials, 88; scarcity of, 89; suit described, 90; coverlets, 108; for Negro clothes, 524; towels, 718.
- Homestead, provision of, for femme covert, 240-41; exemption from seizure for debt, 657; for poor proposed, 691.
- Hookworm, prevalence, 73.
- Hooper, Johnson Jones, 824.
- Hooper, William, quoted, 253, 326-27, 313, 646n, 810; 'Tis Fifty Years Since, 812.
- Hope, settlement, 364.
- Hopewell Academy, 170.
- Horn, Dr. Josiah R., 170.
- Hornet's Nest, 566.
- Horniblow, James, 206.
- Horse racing, in colonial period, 17; at country stores, 99; rural sport, 109; amateur, 112-13; discussed, 181-83.
- Horton, Moses, Negro poet, 826.
- Hospitality, planter, 82-86; farmer, 90-91; country merchant, 99; glass of, 439.
- Hospitals, for slaves, 527-28; Rex legacy for Raleigh, 700; marine proposed, 701 and n; erection of State Asylum for insane, 712-13; Jones for inoculation for smallpox, 735; lack of, 743; use of doctors' homes, 744; in Beaufort, 744; eye infirmary, 744n.
- Hostler, Joseph, 607.
- Hotels, in Raleigh, 152 and n; description of Lafayette, 152; operated by women, 246; special schools taught at, 291. See Taverns.
- House of Correction, 673, 695, 700.
- Houses, tar burners' huts, 13; of Wilmington, 16; log cabins, 20, 224, 225; middle class, 63, 64; poor whites, 68, 72; mansions, 116, 121, 225-26; in 1800, 118; brick, 120, 121, 224; frame, 121, 122, 132, 227; earth floors, 434; inconveniences of, 718-19; location, 720, 723.
- Howard, George, editor, 769.
- Howard, George, Jr., editor, 769.
- Howell, R. B. C., Baptist writer, 816.
- Howell, Sarah, and Methodists, 375.
- Hubbard, F. M., 821, 822.
- Hudson, Thomas, 494.
- Hudson, Thomas, 554.
- Hughes, slave gambler, 557.
- Hughes, William, 693.
- Hulton, James, 363.
- Humanitarian reforms, 21, 37; movement, 74, 168, 682, 691; leaders of, 714. See Reform movements.
- Humor. See Wit.
- Hunnicutt, James W., 368.
- Hunt, Thomas P., 170, 171, 456.
- Hunter, Benjamin B., 46.
- Hunter, Isaac, 586, 587, 596.
- Hunting, by poor whites, 68, 72; on plantation, 85-86; on farm, 94, 95; of slaves, 555-56, 556n.
- Huntsville, fair, 106; Disciples of Christ, 368.
- Hybart, T. L., 157n.
- Hyco Female Cent Society, 425.
- Hyde County, election described, 149; school system, 276; swamps, 722.
- Idiots, condition and care, of 621, 690, 703, 709 712, 713.
- Illegitimacy, children apprenticed, 17; discussed, 209-12, 223; laws concerning, 213-15; penalty for concealing birth, 651.
- Illiteracy, in colonial period, 18, 19; in 1850, 21, 30, 805; in Edgecombe County, 259-60; estimated, 267; bulk of people unreading, 810.
- Immigration, North Carolina unaffected, 52n; legislation against free Negroes, 584; act of 1826 against free Negro, 584-85, 585n, 600.
- Impending Crisis of the South, 568, 580.
- Incendiary publication and language, 500, 518, 568, 574-580, 622, 652.
- Incest, 216 and n, 222.
- Indenture, 11, 17, 58, 683, 703-4. See Apprentice system.
- Independent, Raleigh, 771.
- Indian Queen tavern, Raleigh, 152.
- Indian Woods plantation, 479, 528-29, 530.
- Indians, in colonial North Carolina, 8; influence on colony, 9; population in 1860, 10; witchcraft, 48; man hunting for hidden gold, 49; whites forbidden to marry, 590; cult of medicine derived from, 753, 757; Murphey's notes, 819.
- Industries, rural, 22; turpentine, 53 and n; hand weaving, 88, 237, 245-46; household, 108; effect on of lack of seaport, 115; brickmaking, 168, 297; Moravian, 364; amount of money invested, 829. See Mills; Factories.
- Infant care, use of liquor, 97; of whites, 235-36, 238; effect of nurses on, 252-53; slave, 527; diet, 741; diseases, 741-43.
- Infanticide, 213; race mixing and, 589.
- Ingole, Joel, 803.
- Ingram, Simon and Ann, 706.
- Innes, James, school legacy, 265.
- Innes Academy, 177, 265.
- Innkeepers, licensed for retailing liquor, 96-97, 126; unlawful to permit gambling, 186; women, 246; forbidden to sell liquor to slaves, 558.
- Inoculation, 734-35.
- Insane, power of county court to appoint guardian, 621; family care of, 709-10; in jails and poor-houses, 710-11; movement for state hospital, 711-12; establishment of hospital, 712-13.
- Insurrections, alarm over Santo Domingo, 471; alarm over Nat Turner, 499, 500; act of 1802, 517-18; acts against inciting slaves, 518, 574; Nat Turner, 519; hysteria over, 519-20; arrests and trials for inciting slaves, 575-80; jurisdiction of county courts over, 622; inciting subject to death penalty on second offense, 652. See Slave Conspiracy; Militia.
- Intemperance. See Drinking.
- Internal improvements, 5, 8, 22n; state aid, 23-26; convention, 31, 40; agitation for, 37-38; people unconcerned, 80; effect on towns, 117-119; Murphey's program, 268; proposal to erect asylums from funds of, 711; influence of movement on press, 795-96.
- Iredell, James, 288-89, 406, 561, 585, 711, 814, 821.
- Iredell County, 53, 107, 166n, 169, 172, 360, 361n, 366, 382, 383, 417, 438-39, 455, 552, 589, 696.
- Irish, the, 9, 10, 486, 565.
- Irving, Thomas P., 316.
- Irving, Washington, 818.
- Ives, Bishop Levi Silliman, 335-36, 547, 548.
- Jackson, Andrew, 145, 564, 787.
- Jackson, Micajah, 597.
- Jackson County Court, 615.
- Jails, insufficiency in 1804, 500; full of Negroes in 1802, 510-11; suffering of Daniel Worth, 580; bill to convert into houses of correction, 673; bad condition, 680; description in 1818, 680-81; Dix report, 681-82; confinement of insane in, 709 710.
- James, Frederick, 607.
- Jamestown, N. C., 796.
- Jamestown Female Seminary, 307.
- Janson, Charles William, quoted, 370.
- Jarratt, Devereux, 334 and n, 344, 346, 373-74.
- Jarrott, slave kills white boy, 557.
- Jefferson, Thomas, 143, 145, 818.
- Jefferson Medical College, 749.
- Jeffersonian Republicans, 104, 765.
- Jeffreys, George W., 796, 822.
- Jenkins, James, 403, 545; quoted, 384, 385, 391 401, 406-7, 408, 540, 549.
- Jenner, Edward, 722, 734, 762.
- Jews, in North Carolina, 369, 427, 429.
- Jockey clubs, 181-82, 183.
- John Canoe, custom, at Christmas, 145n; in Edenton, 552-53; song, 553.
- Johnson, Dr. Charles E., 723-24, 727-28, 760, 812
- Johnson, James C., 523.
- Johnson, L. B., 291.
- Johnson, Richard Mentor, 788-89.
- Johnson, William M., 803.
- Johnston, Governor Gabriel, 11, 333.
- Johnston, Lewis, 706.
- Johnston, Polydon, 608.
- Johnston, Governor Samuel, 19, 334, 821.
- Johnston, Stephen, 334.
- Johnston County, 513, 514, 561, 627, 697-98, 699.
- Jones, Britton, free Negro, 585.
- Jones, Cadwallader, 149, 685.
- Jones, Calvin, 165, 267, 298, 500, 600, 734-35, 758, 766-67.
- Jones, Carter, 289.
- Jones, C. C., 464, 544.
- Jones, Delia W., 304-5.
- Jones, Enoch, revivalist, 391.
- Jones, Hamilton C., 541, 771-72, 823.
- Jones, H. Jefferson, editor, 770n.
- Jones, Joseph Seawell, 818.
- Jones, Nathaniel, 560.
- Jones, Thomas P., 304.
- Jones, W. W., 585.
- Jones, William, 142.
- Jones, William Watts, 664.
- Jones, Willie, 82.
- Jones County, 470 and n.
- Jordan, D., Jr., 157n.
- Journalism, development of headline, 778; news style, 781; differentiation between news and opinion, 786; periodical press as phase of, 794; causes of "low state," 804-5, 808-9. See Newspapers; Periodicals.
- Joyner, Robert, 46.
- Judd, Bethel, 335.
- Judges, 620-43.
- Judiciary reform. See Court system.
- Jurden, Dr., folk doctor, 755.
- Jury, ministers want exemption, 429-30; composed of slaveholders at trial of slave, 500; free Negroes have trial by, 601; power of county court to call, 620-21; county court did not instruct on law, 634; in superior court necessarily decide on both law and fact, 641; Taylor's charge on criminal code, 644; convictions rendered, 669, 671, 674.
- Justice of peace, feud in Wayne County, 32-33; qualification, 76; Nathaniel Macon, 77; mayor had powers of, 123; hear Civil warrants at church, 445n; special court for slave trials, 497; trial of slave offenses calling for whipping, 498. See Court system.
- Kehukee Association, organization and controversies, 337-38, 339 and n, 340, 341; revival, 385-86, 387; Virginia churches, 412; religious liberties to slaves, 544; Concise History of the, 815.
- Kelly, Dr. H., 734.
- Kelly, John, 715.
- Kennedy, W. W., 430.
- Kennedy, Washington, 576.
- Ker, David, 292.
- Kerr, Daniel W., 802.
- Keys, Dr. James H., 289, 749.
- Kidwell, Diemena, 205, 206.
- Kilpatrick, Joseph D., 382.
- Kimbrough, Elijah W., 678.
- Kindergartens, 288, 290-91.
- King, Coffield, 606.
- Kingsbury, T. B., 800-1.
- Kinney, Charles R., 271.
- Kinston, bridge over Neuse collapses, 27; John Washington, 54; population, 114; growth, 118-119; military school, 289.
- Knapp, Isaac, 573.
- Knights Templar, 101.
- Know-nothingism, 369, 466.
- Kollock, Shepard K., 293.
- Kooners. See Kuners.
- Krause, J., 136.
- Krider and Cowper, publishers, 794.
- Kuners, John, at Christmas, 145 and n; in Edenton and Wilmington, 552-53; song, 553.
- Labor, number employed in, 57 and n; social status, 66-68; discussed, 70-73; wage scale tabulated, 70; farm hands, 71; white and Negro competition, 72 and n, 174, 586; radicalism of predicted, 75; degradation, 77-78, 230-31; condition in Raleigh, 698-99. See Free labor; Wages; Factories; Poor.
- Labor unions, 72 and n; mechanics' associations, 174 and n.
- Lacey, Theophilus, 662-63.
- Lafayette, Marie Joseph . . . , Marquis de, 140-41.
- Lafayette, Washington, 140.
- Lancaster, Joseph, 266.
- Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, 723.
- Lane, Lunsford, 586-87, 596.
- Lane, Polly, 71.
- Lane, Dr. W. B., 760.
- Language. See Speech; Colloquial and Provincial expressions; Dialect.
- Lanier, Benjamin, 693.
- Lankford, John, 704.
- Lankford, Dr. W. C., quoted, 88, 739.
- La Vallee Female Seminary, 306.
- Law schools, 288.
- Lawlessness, 31-33; in county towns, 117; in Lenoir, 118. See Duels; Fighting.
- Lawrence, Joshua, 299, 341.
- Lawson, John, apprentice, 707.
- Lawson, John, on medical botany, 753.
- Lawyers, number in 1860, 60; social status, 61, 63; in county seats, 116; houses, 121; daily lounge, 154; oppose court reforms, 627.
- Layerly, Christopher, 359.
- Lea, A. M., 536.
- Lea, Nathaniel, 530.
- "Leather-headed apostles," 37.
- Leavenworth, A. J., 267.
- Lee, Jesse, quoted, 375, 396, 398, 400.
- Lee, General Robert E., 84n.
- Leigh, Dr. John, 334.
- Leisure Hour, 250, 620, 769, 771, 772, 779, 800-1, 805, 823, 825.
- Lemay, Leonidas B., 796.
- Lemay, Thomas, Jr., 676, 777, 793, 796, 797.
- Lemay, Thomas J., Jr., 767.
- Lenoir, incorporation, 130; library society, 166n; Presbyterian Church, 353.
- Lenoir County, 53, 54, 118, 289, 355, 368, 470, 523, 532.
- Lenox Castle, 188.
- Leonard, Emanuel, 594.
- Lesser, Isaac, 428-29.
- "Letters of Silvius," 817.
- Letters on Popular Education, 263-64, 271, 812.
- Levasseur, M., 140.
- Lewd houses, 215. See Prostitution.
- Liberator, condemned, 573.
- Liberty Hall, 296.
- Libraries, in colonial period, 18-19; in towns, 164-66; numbers incorporated, 166n; University of North Carolina, 294; of academies, 314; district, 320; circulating, 439; minister's, 441; few large, 805.
- Library societies, organization, 164-65, 166, 168, 190, 166n.
- Lightfoot, William, 539.
- Lighting equipment, street, 129; described, 232-33.
- Lightwood, 223.
- Lincoln Cotton Factory, 247.
- Lincoln County, 106, 107, 108, 166n, 188, 272, 360, 361n, 362, 371, 383, 632, 633, 697, 710.
- Lincoln Republican, encounter of editor with postmaster, 790.
- Lincolnton, mail stage, 28; described, 122; fire protection, 134; band, 155; factory, 247; need of education, 262; use of school fund, 273; Western College, 297; Female Academy, 307, 310; Academy, 307, 324; R. J. Miller, 334; Bible Society, 417.
- Lindsey, Caleb, 704.
- Liquor. See Spirituous liquors.
- Lisbon, Wood and Bob, 243.
- Literary Archive, 798.
- Literary Board, management of Literary Fund, 270, 271 and n; school system planned, 272; authorized to withhold state funds, 274; infrequency of county reports, 275; state superintendent member, 278.
- Literary Fund, increased by Agricultural Fund, 107; creation of, 269-70; sources of, 270n; increase from Federal surplus, 271 and n; supplement to county tax, 272, 274; use by school committees, 273; basis of distribution, 276; grant to Wake Forest College, 299; grant to Normal College, 300; grant from for instruction of deaf, 715.
- Literary Societies, organization, 164, 167, 168, 190.
- Literature, activities of planters, 81, 82; lack of North Carolina, 181n; distribution of religious, 416-19; creation of a native, 764, 810 newspapers and periodicals, 794-801; "thinking minds of South engrossed with slavery," 809; broadsides, 810; folk writers, 810-11; almanacs, 811; pamphlets, 811-12; oratory as form of, 812-13; religious, 815-17; historical, 817-20; biographies and miscellaneous, 821-24; fiction and poetry, 824-27. See Wit.
- Littleton, military school. 289.
- Live Giraffe, masthead, 777; cartoons, 779; establishment, 800; style, 801; Life As It Is, or Writings of Our Mose, 824.
- Livestock, as North Carolina staple, 15, 53; on small farm, 66; exhibits, 108; running at large, 126, 129-30; unlawful for slave to possess, 531; Negroes' dogs destroy sheep, 555-56.
- Livingstone, Edward, 613.
- Localism, in North Carolina society, 26; development, 828-30.
- Locke, Francis, 636.
- Lockhart, Adam, 77.
- Lococofo, 792.
- Lodges, as social center, 95, 102, 113; discussed, 101-2; halls, 101, 120.
- Log cabin, 20, 96, 224. See Architecture.
- Loring, Thomas, 770-71, 793, 806.
- Lotteries, shift in legislation, 186; erection of academies, 285 and n, 286; erection of churches, 435; position of churches toward, 466 and n; conducting misdemeanor, 621n, 622, 652; for Murphey history, 819.
- Louisburg, horse race, 182; military school, 289; academies, 307, 323; Methodists, 343; church service, 442, D. R. Goodloe of, 568; execution in, 644.
- Louisville Journal, 791.
- Love, Samuel, free Negro, 590.
- Lovel's Folly, novel containing Chapel Hill Characters, 824.
- Lower classes, in colonial period, 16-17; isolation, 30; accuse gentry of snobbery, 61; hospitality, 91; opposition to ballroom dancing, 158; social life, 162; effect of marriage into, 192; work of women, 247-48; opposition to free schools, 262, 264; opinion on education of, 329; and religion, 331, 332; "care nothing for decency," 615, sanitation in homes of, 717, 718, 719. See Yeomanry, Mechanics, Labor.
- Lucas, A., 175.
- Ludlow, J. L., 744.
- Lumber, as state product, 5, 6.
- Lumberton, 170, 342.
- Lumsden, J. E., 172.
- Lundy, Benjamin, 462.
- Luola. See Miller, Mary Ayer.
- Luther, controversy, 360.
- Luther's Smaller Catechism, 359.
- Lutheran Synod. See Evangelical Lutheran Synod.
- Lutherans, in colonial period, 12, 18; in piedmont, 358; discussed, 359-62; associated with German Reformed, 362, 430 and n; number in 1860, 369; camp meeting, 408; mission work, 415; Great Revival, 431. See Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North Carolina.
- Lutterloh, Henry Louis, 493.
- Lyceum societies, lectures, 150; discussed, 167-68, 168n; Oak City Guards, 173.
- Lyell, Sir Charles, 60, 52, 83-84.
- Lynch law, threatened against itinerant gamblers, 187; Norfolk Argus favors, 507; Janson's account, 508; use in dealing with free Negroes of Wilmington, 578; Fayetteville Observer protests against, 581. See Mob violence.
- Macadamizing, of streets, 132.
- Macdougald, Rev., 333.
- Macky, Henry, 206.
- Macon, Nathaniel, 77, 602, 765.
- Macon County, 108, 632.
- Madison, James, 144.
- Madison County, 188, 216, 614.
- Magazines, in early period, 794-95; Emerald, 797; University of North Carolina Magazine, 797-98; of the fifties, 798-800.
- Magee, Joseph, 609.
- Magic, belief in, 48-51. See Superstitions.
- Magistrate's court. See Court system.
- Mahoney, James W., 753, 823.
- Mails, stage, 28, 29n, 784; daily, 28; Sunday disapproved, 446; dependence of editors on, 773, 784; failure of, 784. See Postal service.
- Maiming, laws against, 42; punishment for, 647; under Revised Code, 652; frequency, 659; convictions and prosecutions, 666. See Gouging; Fighting.
- Malaria, a cause for popularity of summer resorts, 30, 188; effect on poor whites, 73; effect on women's health, 230; effect of dry fall on, 722; effect on southern life, 722; explanation of miasmatic origin, 723-24; types, 724-25; drugs in treatment of, 724 and n, 754; progress into piedmont, 725-26; so-called epidemics, 727-28; and dysentery, 730; effect on liver and spleen, 762.
- Man of Business, 795 and n.
- Mangum, Adolphus W., poet, 826.
- Mangum, Willie P., 240, 323, 813.
- Manly, Charles, quoted, 273.
- Manly, Matthias E., quoted, 530, 690.
- Manners, of North Carolina, 52n; of Raleigh, 52. 152; southern, 83; Connecticut, 85; effect of poverty on, 192; of fashionable ladies, 208-9; of genteel lady, 228; southern women, 230; formality of, 191, 198, 244 and n, 255; effect of Negro nurses on, 252; of boys, 327; American, 370.
- Manson, Dr. O. F., 724-25, 727.
- Manual labor schools, 297-98, 299.
- Manufacturers, number tabulated, 57-58, 57 n; social status, 60, 63; domestic, 108, 244-45. See Factories; Mills, Industries.
- Manumission. See Emancipation.
- Manumission societies, 461-62, 472, 769.
- Marion, N. C., Avery case, 47; Presbyterian Church, 353.
- Marion, S. C., 45.
- Marital relations. See Marriage.
- Market square, 119, 137-38.
- Markets, lack in North Carolina, 3-4, 5-6, 8, 14, 23, 25, 115; fairs as, 106, county seats as, 116; town, 119, 126; bringing produce to, 137.
- Marriage, for money, 192-93, 192n, 194; of relatives, 193; 590, 591, 200-1, 203-5, 207, 238-45; engagement, 199-202; licenses, 200-1, 202-8, 252, 535-36; ceremony, 202-6, 207; bans, 203, 207; common law, 207-8; extra-marital relations, 209-217; divorce, 217-23; settlements, 239-40; difficulties settled by church court, 451, 452; of slaves, 535-37; position of churches on slave, 537-38; attitude of slaves toward relationship, 538-39; free Negroes, 610-11; punishment for false certificate, 648.
- Marryat, Captain Frederick, 74.
- Martin, Francois Xavier, 817.
- Martin, James H., 530-31.
- Martin, William, 269.
- Martin County, 53, 71, 95, 333, 340, 428, 511, 603, 686, 732, 759.
- Martinsville, 759.
- Mason, John Y., 61, 195, 243.
- Mason, Mary, quoted, 234-35, 236, 253; Wreath from the Woods, 825.
- Masonboro, 188.
- Masonic lodges, organization and meetings, 101; buildings, 101, 120, 156.
- Massachusetts Spy, 818.
- Massenburg, Dr. Cargill, 758.
- Maurice, Francis, 305.
- Maxwell Creek, 722.
- May day, in Charlotte, 155-56.
- Mayo Association, Baptist, 340n.
- Mayors, 123, 124, 140, 141.
- McAden, Hugh, 350.
- McAdo, Samuel, revivalist, 379.
- McBride, Jesse, 575, 575-76.
- McCain, Hance, 169.
- McCarter, James J., 67.
- McCorkle, Samuel E., 379-80, 381n, 382, 397-98, 401, 407.
- McCormick, John, 706.
- McCulloh, Henry, 349.
- McDaniel, Captain, 142.
- McDaniel, David, 183.
- McDowell, Mrs. Rebecca, 238, 243.
- McDowell, S. A., dentist, 747.
- McDowell County, 760.
- McFarland, Tryam, 260-61, 271.
- McGee, William, 379, 386.
- McGhee, John, 382, 386, 403, 398-99.
- McGready, James, 351, 377-79, 379n, 382, 386, 394, 403.
- McIntyre, Daniel, 706.
- McIver, Colin, 747, 802, 811.
- McIver, Mrs. Sarah, 163.
- McKay, Neill, 816.
- McKay's Church, 349.
- McKee, Dr. W. H., 733, 760, 762.
- McKendree, Bishop William, 383.
- McLeod, John, 349.
- McMillan, Murdoch, 382.
- McNair, E. D., 98.
- McNair, Malcolm, 382.
- McNamara, Robert, 531.
- McNeill, George, 352, 803.
- McNeill, Neill, 11.
- McPheeters, William, 286, 324-25, 714.
- McQueen, Hugh, 271, 602-3, 795, 797.
- McRae, Duncan K., orator, 813.
- McRae, John, 125, 768.
- McWilliams, Mr., at wedding, 206.
- McWilliams, John, editor, 767.
- Meade, William, 569.
- Mear house, dancing school, 159.
- Mebane, James, 685.
- Mechanics, number, 66; social status, 66-67, 157; associations, 72, 138-39, 174, 702; appeal to in politics, 75; in county seats, 116; theatrical society, 177; and education, 262, 264; in Davidson College, 298; petition against Negroes, 551.
- Mecklenburg County, 9, 53, 106, 107, 108, 140, 166n, 285, 350, 382, 411-12, 417, 450, 474, 542, 552, 679, 697, 727, 737, 744n, 821.
- Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, controversy, 817-19.
- Mecklenburg Gold Mining Co., 115.
- Mecklenburg Jeffersonian, 727.
- Mecklenburg Resolves of May 31, 1775, 818.
- Medical botany, Indian use of herbs, 9; midwives versed in, 739; knowledge of by every old woman, 747, 752; instructions on collecting, 753; secrecy in practice, 753; herbs used, 753-54; Dr. McKee on, 762. See Medicines.
- Medical Journal of North Carolina, 762.
- Medical schools, 288, 289, 749.
- Medical therapy, 749-52, 762-63.
- Medicine. See Doctors; Medicines; N. C. Medical Society.
- Medicines, Indian, 9; and witchcraft, 49; sale of by doctors, 748; Gunn's Domestic Medicine, 719; instruction in surgery, 743; Simons' Family Medicine, 751, kept by ante-bellum store, 752; knowledge of household, 752; instructions in collecting, 753; native, 753-54; peddlers, 756; cults, 756-57; mineral, 756. 762-63; reaction against strong, 762-63. See Drugs.
- Melbourn, Julius, 821.
- Men, ideal of courage, 42-47; "the strong" husband, 231; status in family life, 238, 241-42, 243 258; bold spirit encouraged in boys, 254, 258; in ante-bellum society, 302.
- Mendenhall, George C., 576, 577.
- Mendenhall, Nureus, 799n.
- Mennonites, 356n.
- Mercer, Silas, 412.
- Mercersburg theology, 363.
- Merchant Mills, as social centers, 95, 98-99; as place for holding magistrate's court, 617. See Mills.
- Merchants, number tabulated, 57 and n, 58; social status, 62, 63-64, 64n, 65; and country stores, 98, 99; of Pennsylvania tours State, 102; business of on public occasions, 148, 678; stores described, 153-54.
- Meredith, Thomas, 341, 463, 816.
- Meredith, William, 346.
- Merrill, Benjamin, 650.
- Merrimon, A. S., quoted, 216, 614, 634, 635.
- Mesmerism, 756.
- Methodism, forerunners, 343-44, 346, 373; expansion of, 345, 348; revival of, 385; John Paris History, 816.
- Methodist Episcopal Church, organization, 343; missionary work, 343-44; Missionary Society, 411; Notes on religious instruction, 420; relief work, 423-24; position on slavery, 459; schism over slavery, 465.
- Metnodist Episcopal Church, North Carolina, discussed, 343-48; O'Kelly movement, 346-47, 366-67; circuits, 348; camp meetings, 384, 388; publication society, 419; Sunday schools, 420, 421, 422; number preachers in 1855, 437; salaries, 438; on distilling, 454; on slavery, 459, 462; New Bern resolution on abolition, 464; resolution of Raleigh station on schism, 465. See Methodists.
- Methodist Episcopal Church, South, position on slavery, 347; rank of North Carolina Conference, 424; organization, 465.
- Methodist Protestant Church, founding, 347; John Paris, History, 816.
- Methodist Society, 343; Joseph Pilmore sent by organization in North Carolina, 344.
- Methodists, camp meetings, 100, 384, 388, 390, 409; and Trinity College, 300-1; schools for women, 307; number in 1860, 369; evangelism, 344, 345-46, 352, 370, 432; persecution, 345, 430; Great Revival, 373-76, 431; ministerial education, 440, 442; conferences enforce discipline, 448; position on distilling, 454; position on slavery, 459, 566; masters forbid slaves hearing, 545; Phelps Lake slaves, 548; periodicals, 802. See Methodist Episcopal Church, Methodist Protestant Church, Wesleyan Methodist Church.
- Miasma, influence on location of houses, 118, 720; fear of, 188; and origin of malaria, 723; Lancisi theory questioned, 723-24; fevers caused by, 724; and dysentery, 730.
- Michaux, R. R., 147, 445.
- Michel, Ludwig, quoted, 468.
- Micklejohn, George, 333, 334.
- Middle class, and duelling, 42; composition, 58, 70; passage into gentry, 59; discussed, 63-65; use of Negro nurses, 252; education of, 314; religion, 353. See Upper classes.
- Middleton, Henry C., 83.
- Midway Academy, 323.
- Midwives, employment of, 252; employment for slaves, 527; rewards to slaves, 530; versed in medical botany, 739, 753.
- Migration, discussed, 38-41; Quaker, 461; legislation against free Negroes, 584; act of 1826 against free Negroes, 584-85, 585n, 600; effect of drought of 1826 on, 697, effect of drought of 1845, 698. See Emigration.
- Military companies, New Bern, 129; Raleigh, 139 165, 678; Mecklenburg, 140; Cabarrus, 140; Wilmington, 141; Hillsboro, 142.
- Military schools, 288, 289-90.
- Militia, musters, 17, 98, 102-104; games, 109; ex; emption from duty, 133, 134; in towns, 148-49- uniformed companies, 172-74; exemption of Quakers, 356; in slave conspiracy of 1802, 511; in hunt for runaways in 1821, 514-15; Edgecombe, called in conspiracy of 1825, 515; Washington Guards called out, 516; power of justices to call out, 518-19, 620; slaves at, 551; exclusion of free Negroes, 600.
- Millard, R. W., 275.
- Miller, Benjamin, 337.
- Miller, C. B., 704.
- Miller, Henry W., 146, 813.
- Miller, Mary Ayer, 826.
- Miller, Priscilla, 693.
- Miller, Robert Johnston, 334, 346.
- Miller, W. L., 803.
- Miller, Governor William, quoted, 268, 626, 636-37, 645, 666.
- Miller, Willis, 352.
- Milligan School for Young Ladies, 307.
- Mills, employees, 66; merchant, 95, 98-99; cotton, 99, 117, 247; power of county court over, 623; paper, 766, 776. See Factories; Industries.
- Mills, H. C., 427.
- Milton, Archibald D. Murphey, 268; Academy, 307; Thomas Day cabinet shop, 585, 607; newspapers, 767, 768.
- Milton Chronicle, quoted, 444, 698.
- Milton Gazette, 767, 768.
- Miner's and Farmer's Journal, 88, 769, 796.
- Minerva, 48, 562, 764, 765, 773, 780, 783, 786, 792, 804, 814, 826.
- Mines, number employed in, 66.
- Mingo, report of slave camp, 513.
- Ministers. See Preachers.
- Mint sling, 93, 95, 158.
- Misdemeanors, jurisdiction of county court over, 621-22, 621n; increase in list of, 652, 654; frequency, 658, 659, 660; agitation for reform in punishment, 661; prosecutions and convictions, 667, 670. See Crimes.
- Missionaries, Church of England, 333; Baptist, 337, 338, 349; Methodist, 343-44; Presbyterian, 349, 350; Quaker, 353-54; Lutheran, 359, 361; German Reformed, 362, 363; Moravian, 365; friction caused by northern, 422; abolition, 499; Wesleyan Methodist expelled from State, 575-77; work and expulsion of Daniel Worth, 579-80, 579n; John Chavis, 609.
- Missionary Baptists, 341, 342. See Baptist State Convention.
- Missionary societies, Baptist, 340, 341, 412-13, 413n, 425; German Reformed, 363; Methodist, Presbyterian, 411; Episcopal, Lutheran, 414; Moravian, 415; women's, 425-26.
- Missions. See Missionary Societies; names of denominations.
- Mitchell, Elisha, 27-28, 49, 85, 116, 293, 296, 313, 812, 822.
- Mob violence, Norfolk Argus favors, 507; in early period, 507-8; in later period, 509-10, 611; in conspiracy of 1802, 511; of 1831, 520; against McBride, 576; against Crooks, 576-77; against Sandy Tate, 581; against Lunsford Lane, 587; against free Negro of Raleigh, 605. See Lynch law.
- Mocksville, Saturday gatherings, 99; law school, 288.
- Money, scarcity, 15, 16, 81, 102n, 150; paper, 154; invested in slave trade, 473-74; slave, 529-34; gifts to slaves at Christmas, 552; invested in manufacturing, 829. See Wealth.
- Monroe, James, 141.
- Monroe's fair, 106.
- Montgomery County, 347, 576, 609.
- Moore, B. F., 294, 813.
- Moore, Joseph, 400.
- Moore, Matthew R., 587.
- Moore, Maurice, 285.
- Moore, Moses, 693.
- Moore, Phillips, 490-92, 524, 527, 532-33, 535, 752.
- Moore, Bishop Richard Channing, 335.
- Moore County, 13, 54, 68, 100, 181, 349, 609, 632, 693, 753.
- Moral societies, 151, 169, 454-55, 675.
- Moravian Church, settlers, 12, 18; in colonial period, 18; of Salem described, 120; government of Salem, 125-26, 136; establishment, 363-65; number, 369; mission work, 414, 415; poor relief, 423; holding, 427; association with Lutherans, 431; ministers, 441; board of elders, 448; conduct forbidden members, 449, 454; Sunday school for Negroes, 542.
- Mordecai, Jacob, 307.
- More, Hannah, 248.
- Morehead, Abraham Forrest, 825.
- Morehead, James T., 576.
- Morehead, Governor John M., 204, 307, 542-43, 711.
- Morgan district superior court, creation, 622; a victory for reform, 627; grand jury asks for penitentiary, 664.
- Morganton, railroad, 25, 26; Avery case, 47; location, 115; described, 122; Presbyterian Church, 353; Great Revival, 382; camp meetings, 383; Bible Society, 417; district court, 622; term of Supreme Court, 642.
- Morrissey, Thomas K., 519.
- Morris, Emanuel, 594.
- Morrison, Robert R., 801.
- Morse's Geography, condemned, 181n; use in schools, 316, 317.
- Mosby, R. H., 474-75.
- Mosquitoes, 719, 726.
- Mott, T. S., 803.
- Mount Airy, 368, 415.
- Mount Tirzah, Moore plantation, 490.
- Mountain Banner, quoted, 577, 790.
- Mulattoes, act of 1826 to prevent migration into State, 585; whites forbidden to marry, 590; property left to by will, 592; number in 1860, 592; incapacity as legal witness against whites, 599; "free mulatto not satisfied with black wife," 603, white man not chargeable for support of, 611; daughters of vice-president Johnson, 788-89; Julius Melbourn of Raleigh, 821. See Race Mixing.
- Mules, on Panola plantation, 481.
- Mumford, Donum, 608.
- Murder, increase, 46; act of 1791 concerning slaves, 497, 501; act of 1817 concerning slaves, 502, 645; legal provocation of slaves, 502; frequency, 659, 660; prosecutions and convictions, 666-67, 670; trial of slave in Wake County, 671.
- Murfreesboro, 13, 130.
- Murphey, Archibald, 268, 289.
- Murphey, Archibald DeBow, 5, 6, 24, 288, 474, 626, 653n, 655-56, 665-66, 819; quoted or cited, 41, 117-18, 268-69, 272, 329, 569, 680, 695, 714, 783, 813.
- Murphey, Thomas, 368.
- Murphey, Victor, 142.
- Mushat, John, 329.
- Music, at parties, 85, 142, 151, 160; soiree, 143; for parade, 146; at school exercises, 155; band concerts, 174-75, 180; clubs, 175; at summer resorts, 189; and courtship, 195; fiddle, 93, 148, 206, 449 554, 614; instruction in, 305-6; camp meeting, 392-93, 394-95; at slave frolics, 554; Negro, 555. See Dancing, Pianos; Spiritual Songs.
- Mustee, white forbidden to marry, 590.
- Musters. See Militia Musters.
- Myrick, John, 507.
- Nags Head, 188.
- Nash, F. K., quoted, 412.
- Nash, Frederick, 205, 551, 604-5, 619, 626, 650-51, 665-66, 668, 726.
- Nash County, 494, 520, 584, 588, 632, 694, 697-98, 732, 736, 760.
- National Democrat, 774.
- National Intelligencer, 154, 183, 766, 783-84, 818.
- Natural History of North Carolina, by John Brickell, 747.
- Natural rights, manhood suffrage, 35; fishing, 94; theory of, 260, 262, 294; personal liberties, 260, 262, 830; applied to college discipline, 294-95; personal conduct, 440; to temperance movement, 458; to slavery, 458, 499 and n, 500, 560; abandonment of as applied to slavery, 564; applied to free Negroes, 585; to emancipation, 596; to punishment for crime, 661.
- Naval stores, 5, 6, 15.
- Negro fever, 724.
- Negro preachers, Henry Evans, 344, 549, 608; disciplined for preaching without license, 451; legal regulation, 499; bill of 1800, 499-500; accused of hatching plot in 1825, 516; religious leaders at slave marriage, 536, 549-50; Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, 549; petition against circulating abolition literature, 550; act of 1831 prohibiting conditionally, 550; free Negro prohibited, 601; Ralph Freeman, 608-9; John Chavis, 609-10.
- Negro spirituals, 395 and n. See Spiritual songs.
- Negro tradesmen, competition with white laborers, 71-72, 72n, 174, 586; hunters, 85; price of black-smith in 1859, 476, 542; in slave working force, 476-77, 488; rewards for good work, 529-30; hiring own time, 531-32; apprenticing slave, 541; Thomas Day, 585; Lunsford Lane, 586-87; Isaac Hunter, 587; incapacity to prove book debts, 599; discussed, 607.
- Negroes, in colonial North Carolina, 8, 10, 17; superiority as slaves, 9, 468; as social class, 17, 611-12; superstition, 48, 252-53; doctors, 51, 758; poor whites, 68, 71; competition with white labor, 71-72, 72n, 174, 556; characterized, 81; on hunting party, 86; clothes, 88, 227; in towns, 127-29; Christmas celebration, 145 and n, 551-53; as nurses, 235-36, 252-53; and Methodism, 344; Great Revival, 395, 401, 404, 406; church court regulates sex relations, 451, 452; North Carolina type, 469; amount of blood necessary for legal status of, 598-99; knowledge of medical botany, 752; poet, 826. See Slaves; Free Negroes.
- New Bern, lumber and naval stores, 5; isolation from West, 8; settlement in region of, 13; Academy, 18, 304, 308, 313, 316, 329; colonial press, 19; railroad, 26; Neuse bridge, 27; mail service, 28; society characterized, 31, 63; Spaight-Stanly duel, 43-44; population, 114, 117, 583; location, 115, 118; plan of, 119-20; Light Infantry, 129; gas lights, 129, 233; fire protection, 133, 134; dances, 159; Female Charitable Society, 163, 266, 702; mechanics association, 174; Library Society, 166n; Theatrical Society, 175, 177; bands; 175; itinerant performers, 178; horse races, 182, 583; Edward F. Graham, 200; shops, 247; public school, 265; Episcopal Church, 334; Roman Catholic Church, 368; Bible Society station, 417; Presbyterian Church, 436; Methodist resolution on abolitionists, 464; militia "battle" in 1821, 514-15; law permitting slaves to hire own time, 532; slave refuses to leave, 539; Negro Methodist Church, 545; Negro Episcopal congregation, 547; petition of mechanics against congregation of Negroes, 551; petition against Negroes on Neuse River, 556; attitude of slave-holders, 562-63; free Negroes go to Liberia, 571; free Negroes in 1860, 583; race mixing, 593; petition of Negro barber, 599; free Negro voters, 602; free Negro owners of slaves, 608; free Negro school, 610; free Negro élite, 611-12; district court, 622; imprisonment for debt, 655; newspapers, 764, 766, 767, 768, 794, 802; James Davis printery, 813-14; F. X. Martin, 817; Mrs. Susan J. Hancock, 826.
- Newbern Republican, quoted 566, 571.
- New Bern Progress, 774.
- Newbern Sentinel, 768.
- Newbern Spectator, 768, 793-94.
- New Era, of Raleigh, 323.
- New Garden, Quaker settlement, 355; monthly meeting relief work, 425; manumission society, 461.
- New Garden Boarding School, 90, 301-2, 358.
- New Hanover County, 53, 106, 107, 108, 125, 319, 349, 350, 488, 489, 490, 515-16, 519-20, 556n, 589, 606, 697.
- New Salem, 795, 803.
- New School Presbyterians, 352, 465.
- New York Evening Star, likens North Carolina to Rip Van Winkle, 20-21.
- New York Journal of Commerce, on southern literature, 826-27.
- New York Tribune, quoted, 775.
- Newell, Harriet, 248.
- Newspapers, colonial, 19; circulation, 30, 96, 772-73, 805; oppose women's rights, 249-50; religious, 433; 801-3; Sunday papers profane Sabbath, 466; position on Southern Rights Convention, 565-66; Garrison-Knapp indictment, 573; appearance, 764, 776; in 1800, 765; Raleigh Register, 765-66; in 1810, 766; Minerva, 766; Star, 766-67; in 1823, 767; Hillsborough Recorder, 767-68; Fayetteville Observer, 768; in 1830, 768-69; in 1840, 770; North Carolina Standard, 770-71; Carolina Watchman, 771-72; Wilmington Journal, 772; in 1850, 772-73; frequency of publication, 773-74; in 1860, 774; staff, 774-75; equipment, 775-77; make-up, 777-81; names, 777-78; size, 780; news policy, 781-86; editorial policy, 786-94; squibs, 791-92; finances, 804-8; advertising, 807; reasons for low state of journalism, 808-9; number at present, 809; publication of poetry, 825; effect on State's character, 827; on development of localism, 828-30. See Periodicals.
- Newton, N. C., 155.
- Nichols, B., 291.
- Nichols, William, architect, 666.
- Night watch, 126, 127, 128-29, 139, 145; citizens, 126; hours, 127; discussed, 128-29; use of town hall, 139; doubling at Christmas, 145; doubled in case of conspiracy fright, 516; letter on sanitation from Raleigh, 720.
- Norcom, Elizabeth, 192.
- Norcom, F., 779.
- Norcom, Dr. James A., 47, 192, 200, 206, 228, 229, 230-31, 237, 552-53, 558, 699-700, 728, 731, 732 751.
- Norcom, James A., Jr., 199, 208, 473.
- Norcom, Dr. John, 206, 728, 731.
- Norcott, Mary, trousseau, 207.
- Norfleet, Frances E., 474.
- Norfleet, Robert, 481.
- Norfleet, Stephen A., 83, 98, 247, 474, 479-80, 524, 528-29, 535, 539, 607.
- Norfleet, Mrs. Stephen A., 247.
- Norfleet, Thomas F., 474.
- Norfolk, 23, 115, 180, 571.
- Norfolk Argus, quoted, 507.
- Norfolk Herald, quoted, 510-11, 729.
- Normal College, 300, 310, 798.
- North Carolina Baptist Interpreter, 802. See also Biblical Recorder.
- North Carolina Christian Advocate, 543, 802.
- North Carolina Classis, organization, 362; education society, 363; mission work, 414-15; resolution against distilling, 457-58. See German Reformed Church.
- North Carolina College, Lutheran, 362.
- North Carolina Common School Journal, 799.
- North Carolina Education Association, 304-5, 321, 323.
- North Carolina Evangelical Intelligencer, 801.
- North Carolina Farmer, 796.
- North Carolina Gazette, 19 and n, 794.
- North Carolina Historical Commission, 658.
- North Carolina Historical Society, 296, 818.
- North-Carolina Journal, Fayetteville, 768.
- North-Carolina Journal, Halifax, 160, 175, 182, 244, 494.
- North Carolina Journal of Education, 36, 311, 322, 323, 799.
- North Carolina Magazine; or, Universal Intelligencer, 794.
- North Carolina Magazine, Political, Historical, and Miscellaneous, 794.
- North Carolina Magistrate, Cantwell, quoted, 618, 646-47, 654.
- North Carolina Medical Journal, 741, 762, 799.
- North Carolina Medical Society, Dickson address on diseases of Wilmington, 721-22; Satchwell on malaria, 722; Johnson on groundless assumption of miasma, 724; prize for essay on dysentery, 730; McKee on pneumonia, 733; mentioned, 737; emphasis on uniform fees, 749; Norwood on quackery, 756; organization in 1799, 758; organization in 1849, 760-61; work, 761-62.
- North Carolina Mercury and Salisbury Advertiser, 764, 791.
- North Carolina Messenger, 791.
- North Carolina Minerva. See Minerva.
- North Carolina Planter, 797.
- North Carolina Presbyterian, establishment, 352, 803; quoted, 422, 426, 438, 444, 458, 464, 466, 543, 547, 568, 579, 747.
- North-Carolina Reader, 315, 822, 829.
- North-Carolina Register and the United States Calendar, 747, 811.
- North Carolina Spectator and Western Advocate, 768.
- North Carolina Standard, 34, 47, 74-75, 124, 137-38, 187, 201, 242-43, 249, 250, 327, 328, 390, 446, 461-62, 477, 517, 524-25, 557, 565-66, 567, 575, 578, 581, 628-29, 635, 641-42, 672, 698-99, 708, 731, 770-71, 776-77, 783, 789-90, 793, 804, 806, 814, 828.
- North Carolina Star, 566.
- North Carolina State Library, 165 and n.
- North Carolina Statist, 799.
- North Carolina Telegraph, 801-2.
- North Carolina Temperance Almanac, 803.
- North Carolina Temperance Union, 804.
- North Carolina Whig, 774.
- North Carolina Yearly Meeting, 301, 355-57, 456-62 passim.
- North Carolinian, 774.
- North State Whig, 565, 566, 790.
- Northampton County, 166n, 246, 289, 309, 355, 374, 375, 387, 407, 470, 520, 681, 694, 697, 710, 733, 737.
- Norwood, J. W., 108.
- Norwood, Dr. Walter A., quoted, 755.
- Norwood, William, 726.
- Novel, influence on manners, 209, 418-19; reading, 231, 303.
- Numbers of Carlton, 24, 296, 812.
- Nussman, Adolphus, 359, 361, 362.
- Oak City Guards, 165, 173-74, 678.
- Observer. See Fayetteville Observer.
- Occonachee Wigwam, 485-86.
- Ocracoke, 24, 188.
- Odd Fellow Lodge, 101-2, 156, 702.
- Officeholding, social status, 58, 60, 63, 75-77; democratization of, 76-77, agitation for elective, 102; houses of, 121; in town government, 123-25; religious qualification, 368, 427-29; power of county court over, 622; movement for popular election of justices of peace, 630; movement for popular election of judges, 638, 643.
- O'Kelly, James, 346-47, 366-67, 370, 816.
- Old Christmas, celebration, 552.
- Old-field schools, 277, 283, 285, 318, 321.
- "Old Rip," 21, 25, 764, 827, See also Rip Van Winkle.
- Olmsted, Denison, 107, 293, 296, 822.
- Olmsted, Frederick Law, quoted, 22, 72, 526-27.
- Onslow County, 514-15, 551-52, 557, 694.
- Orange County, 34, 53-54, 107, 149, 211, 257, 268-69, 275, 291, 331, 335, 360, 362, 379, 380, 403, 417, 421, 428, 533, 542, 574, 589, 592, 630, 658-59, 682, 685, 687-88, 696, 697-98, 699, 704, 707-8, 710, 715, 747, 802.
- Orations, at celebrations, 140, 143; Fourth of July, 142; funeral, 145, 147, 148; political, 150.
- Orphans, apprentice system, 17, 70, 703-8; schools for, 163-64, 266, 708, 711; guardians of, 256; court for control of property, 256-58; work of Odd Fellows, 702.
- Orphans' Court, act of 1762, 256; in ante-bellum period, 256-57; jurisdiction of county court, 621.
- Osborn, Charles, 461.
- Osbourn, James, 826.
- Outlaw, David, 767.
- Outlaw, George, 612.
- Overseers, of roads, 27; of streets, 131, power of county court to appoint, 622; election of overseers of poor, 684. See Plantation overseers.
- Owen, Francis, 450.
- Owen, Governor John, quoted, 263, 271, 515, 600-1.
- Owen, William H., 225, 313, 343.
- Oxford, plank road company, 26; mail service, 28; sidewalks, 131; market house burned, 138; traveling players at, 149; dancing master, 159; mechanics association, 174; gambling, 187; Leisure Hour, 250, 769, 800-1; tutor wanted, 283; military school, 289; Academy, 314; revival, 390; D. R. Goodloe in, 569; summer resort, 726; newspapers, 768.
- Oxford Examiner, 768.
- Oxford Female College, 307, 343.
- Oxford Kaleidoscope and Southern Republican, 771.
- Paine, Thomas, 331, 765.
- Paisley, William, 380.
- Paisley, William D., 438.
- Palmer, Paul, 337, 412.
- Panola plantation, 478, 481-82, 484, 525-26.
- Paper, straw-fiber, 775-76; rag, 776.
- Paris, John, 816.
- Parker, Joseph, 337.
- Particular Baptists, in colonial period, 337, 338, 342, 412.
- Pasquotank County, 18, 32, 139, 148, 211, 257, 274-75, 355, 509, 513, 534, 570, 594, 601, 621, 670-71, 687, 692, 694, 704, 707.
- Pasteur and Watson, printers, 767.
- Patent Medicines, 756, 761.
- Patridge, Isaac C., printer, 795.
- Patriot and Greensborough Palladium, 777.
- Patrol, town, 126, 127, 128-29, 134, 430, 515-17, 554-55, 574, 578-79, 622.
- Patterson, George, 548.
- Patterson, John, 375.
- Patterson, Thomas, 205, 206.
- Pattillo, Henry, 244n, 334, 543-44, 814.
- Patuxent plows, 482.
- Pauper. See Poor relief.
- Peace, William, 287.
- Peace Female Institute, 307.
- Peace societies, 454.
- Peace warrants, 45 and n, 659, 660.
- Peach moby, manufacture, 160.
- Pearson, Jesse, 204.
- Pearson, R. M., 208, 240-41, 241-42, 288, 502, 538, 604-5, 626.
- Peat, Mrs., Infant School, 291.
- Peck, Harriet, 302.
- Peckover, William, 355.
- Peddlers. See Vendors.
- Pedobaptist, 338.
- Peedee River, 5, 118.
- Penal Code. See Criminal code.
- Penalties, 618, 621. See Punishments; Death penalty.
- Pendleton and Bruner, 772.
- Penitentiary, causes of opposition to, 37, 627-8; Nash's pledge to fight for, 650-51; discussion of, 661-73 passim, 711, 830.
- Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod, 359.
- "Pennsylvania-Dutch," spoken in Salisbury, 12.
- Penuel, Price, 707.
- People's Press, Wilmington, 770.
- Periodicals, in early period, 794-95; agricultural, 795-97, 796n; literary, 797-98; professional, 799; family newspapers, 799-801; religious, 801-3; temperance, 803-4. See Newspapers.
- Perquimans County, 355, 470, 554, 603.
- Perrin, Stephen, 159.
- Persimmon beer, 91, 96.
- Person, Thomas, 429.
- Person County, 34, 68, 166n, 450, 482, 490, 535, 557.
- Personal liberties, theory of, 260, 262, 830. See Natural Rights.
- Pessenger, Abraham, 71.
- Peter, slave, 525.
- Petersburg, 23, 25, 63, 86, 114, 514, 745, 752, 766, 771.
- Petersburg Intelligencer, 766.
- Pettigrew, Charles, 81, 333, 334, 335, 405, 496, 561.
- Pettigrew, Ebenezer, 38n, 69, 199, 244, 406, 432, 523, 532, 548, 722.
- Pettigrew, Mrs. Ebenezer, 189-90, 238, 250, 345-46, 440.
- Pettigrew, J. Johnston, 196.
- Pettigrew, Mary, 308.
- Philanthropic Society, 292.
- Philanthropy, of planter, 82, 698; of women, 163-64, 424, 702; of church, 410; provisions for "worthy poor," 697-99; work of doctors, 699-700; charitable societies, 701-2. See Poor relief; Poor.
- Phillips, Charles, 822.
- Phillips, James, 822.
- Phrenology, 156, 757.
- Physical combat, 42-43, 43n. See Fighting; Duels. sault and battery.
- Physicians. See Doctors.
- Piano, playing fashionable, 195, 303; in plantation home, 226; concerts of academy pupils, 326.
- Pigott, Zacharias, 77.
- Pillory, 42, 647-48, 653.
- Pilmoor, Joseph, 334n. See Pilmore, Joseph.
- Pilmore, Joseph, 343, 344 and n, 346.
- Pitt county, 53, 408, 470, 488.
- Pittman, Dr. N. J., 727.
- Pittsboro, country dance, 48; cockfight, 180; races, 182; academy, 285; Negro Episcopal congregation, 547 summer resort, 726; literary society, 810.
- Pittsborough Communicator, 804.
- Plain Planter's Family Assistant, 543-44, 814.
- Plantation overseers, social status, 66; characterized, 81; advice against changing, 476; required by law in two counties, 489-90; difficult to find capable, 490; wage, 490; contract, 491; on Phillips Moore plantation, 491-92; legal representative of master, 492; supervision of sick, 527.
- Plantation system, colonial period, 10; area of, 53; organization of slave labor, 476-77; acres cultivated per hand, 477-78, 477n; use of compost, 478-79; planting season, 479-80; on cotton plantation, 481-82; equipment, 482, 485, 486, 489; tobacco plantation, 482-84; corn plantation, 485; wheat plantation, 485-86; turpentine plantation, 486-88. See Slaves.
- Plantations, size tabulated, 54; Pettigrew, 81, 496, 523, 532; social life on, 82-86; Woodbourne, 83, 479-80; Strabane, 98; Rich Lands, 226; Panola, 478, 481-82; Burgwyn, 485-86; Josiah Collins, 485, 488; D. L. Russell, 486. See Plantation system; Slaves.
- Planters, colonial, 3-4, 14; title of social status, 16; slaveholding tabulated, 55; distribution of slaveholding, 56; percent slaveholding families, 56; tabulated, 57; social status, 58-60, 63; small described, 63; social life, 81-86, 113; dress of, 90; mansions, 121; two types described, 526; doctors as, 748. See Plantation system.
- Playmakers' Theater, 294.
- Plays, theatrical, 177-79; games, 206 and n; for dead, 540 and n.
- Plymouth, charter quoted; 130-31, fire of 1808, 134; Bible Society station, 417.
- Poaching, law against, 94.
- Poindexter, John F., 576.
- Polemic Society, 164.
- Police, regulations, 124, 128-29, 138. See Patrol; Constables.
- Politics, sectionalism in, 31, 34; Jacksonian movement, 74, 75; "leveling influence" in, 75; electioneering, 104-5, 150; party organization, 149; Harrison compaign, 150; temperance movement, 171; divorce bill of 1808, 218; women in, 248-50; education, 260 and n; slavery, 521; votes from Quaker district on slavery question, 564; C. B. Shepard on slavery question, 564-65; controversy over Southern Rights Convention, 565-66; association of colonization movement, 570; dissatisfaction over Compromise of 1850, 575; elections of 1856, 579; fear of influence on Supreme Court, 643; penitentiary question, 672-73; erection of asylum for insane, 712-13; Star, 766; influence on newspapers, 771, 781, 786-92; injustice to North Carolina in national, 828-29.
- Polk, James K., 141, 813.
- Polk, Mrs. Sarah Hawkins, 163.
- Polk, Colonel Thomas, 140.
- Polk, Colonel William, 41, 61, 140, 163.
- Polk County, 632, 633.
- Pomona Academy, 324.
- Poor, the, in Eastern North Carolina, 36; distribution of religious literature, 416-19; education in Sunday schools, 419; in colonial period, 683-84; legal, 690; large portion of every community, 697; erection of asylum for insane "robbery" of, 713. See Poor relief; Poor whites.
- Poor, wardens of. See Wardens of poor.
- Poor law, colonial, 683-84; act of 1777 providing for poor, 684; act of 1786 calling for posting of accounts, 686; act of 1817 calling upon county courts to levy tax, 686; erection of poorhouses, 694-96; children, 704, 708; insane, 710-11. See Poor relief.
- Poor relief, funds, 129; work of women's clubs, 163-64, 425; church, 423-27, 433; slave stock sold for, 531; in colonial period, 683-84; act of 1777, 684; wardens of poor, 684-86; public tax, 686-89; model system proposed, 688; report of 1825 on, 689; legal poor, 690; critics of pauper system, 690-91; administration of poor tax, 691-94; erection of poorhouses, 694-96; private philanthropy, 697-700; charitable societies, 701-3; apprentice system, 703-8.
- Poor tax, act of 1777, 684; power of county court to levy, 686; taxes levied in five typical counties, 686-87; receipts from fines and penalties, 687; petitions and legislation, 688-89; tax for asylum "robbery" to, 713.
- Poor whites, in colonial society, 16, 17; of East, 36; of Moore County, 54; number estimated, 57; as class, 58; discussed, 67-73; homes, 68; clothes, 71, 88; recreation, 95; given Bibles, 417; religion, 430; live on lands of their wealthier neighbors, 690-91; use of dialect in book, 824.
- Population, by nationalities in 1790, 9;
density in 1790, 13;
by counties in 1790, 14;
characterized, 22, 30, 52n, 829;
Western, 34, 36;
increase, 1790-1860, 38;
loss from migration, 39-40, 827;
small farmers, 54;
percentage of day laborers in, 70; of towns tabulated, 114, number of free persons, 227; distribution and increase of free Negroes, 582-84. See Slaves, Free Negroes. - Porcher, F. P., 573, 754.
- Post-Angel or Universal Entertainment, Edenton, 764.
- Postal service, in colonial period, 19; southern stage mail, 27, 30; number of post offices, 28, 115; in ante-bellum period, 28-30, 115; rates, 29 and n. See Mails.
- Potter, Robert, 187, 826.
- Potter, William, 804.
- Pottery, Moravian, 364.
- Poytress, Dr. John, 744.
- Prather, Leonard, revivalist, 380.
- Preachers, social status, 60, 63; opposition to amusements, 157-58, 440; education, 296-301, 363; opposition to religious extravagances, 402, controversy over local, 347; camp meeting, 394, 403, 408; superannuated, 423, 424; in Great Revival, 431; salaries, 437-38; services to community, 438; discipline, 439; services at public executions, 677, 678. See Negro preachers.
- Preissnitz, Vincent, 757.
- Prentice, George D., 791.
- Presbyterian Church, in colonial period, 18; moral associations, 169; temperance movement, 169, 170, 455, 456; minister suspended, 193; and colonial marriages, 204; and Davidson College, 296-98; schools for women, 307; discussed, 348-53; education, 353; discontented elements, 367; number in 1860, 369; Great Revival, 376-82, 409, 431; schism, 379 and n; camp meetings, 384, 385, 388; examination of licentiates, 441; sessions enforce discipline, 448; on slavery, 459, 465-66, 465n, 560; uses Jones' Catechism, 544; Foote's Sketches, 816. See Synod of North Carolina.
- President, American frigate, 784.
- Press, the. See Newspapers; Periodicals; Printeries.
- Price, A. L., 772.
- Price, William J., 772.
- Price fluctuation, effect, 15, 65-66; of slaves, 475-76, 520, 521.
- Primary Schools. See Public schools, Subscription schools.
- Primitive Baptist. 802.
- Primitive Baptist, 299, 341, 342, See Baptists.
- Princeton University, 286, 292, 298, 323; Nassau Hall, 293 and n; Orange Presbytery needs graduates, 437; John Chavis, 609.
- Printeries, staff, 774-75; presses, 775; paper used, 775-76; type, 776-77; finances, 807-8; book work, 813, 815; early imprints, 813-14; F. X. Martin, 817.
- Prison, provided for in bill of 1800, 662; bounds, 655; Nichols plan of 1816, 666; cost of as proposed in 1846, 672. See Penitentiary; Jails.
- Private schools and colleges, public school funds for, 273; Ch. X, 283-308; subscription schools, 283-84; academies, 284-88; special schools, 288-91; denominational colleges, 296-302; education of women, 302-8. See Academies, Subscription schools.
- Privies, use of lime, 127; schoolhouse, 312; for slaves, 525-26; indication of settled life, 717; location, 720.
- Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of North Carolina, 814.
- Produce, in colonial period, 15; accepted in payments, 15, 320n, 806; Western North Carolina, 122; sold in towns, 137-38; sold in Virginia and South Carolina, 828. See Crops; Staples.
- Professional class, in colonial period, 6; number tabulated, 57 and n; social status, 58, 60-61, 63, 79; difficulty of State in retaining, 748. See Doctors; Preachers; Teachers; Lawyers.
- Prohibition, 171. See Temperance.
- Prosecutions, 666, 671; tables of, 667, 670.
- Prostitution, town ordinances, 127; in towns, 215-16; as cause of church discipline, 452; Negroes, 591, 593; vagrancy acts aimed at. 648-49.
- Protestant Episcopal Church, in North Carolina, education, 286, 307; in colonial period, 332-33; Convention in Tarboro, 333; growth, 333-36; seeks union with Lutherans, 361, 431; number in 1860, 369; camp meeting, 409; missions, 413-14; society for promotion of piety, 418, 419; Sunday schools, 420; vestry, 423, 448; relief work, 424, 425; shares Wake Union Church with Baptists, 431; Great Revival, 431; ministers, 437, 441-42; position on slavery, 466; religious instruction of Negroes, 547-48, 612; Church Intelligencer, 803; Bible . . . Society, 816.
- Prout, H. H., 414.
- Provincialism, 22-31, 52n, 830.
- Public opinion, Avery case, 47; social status, 67; sex offenses, 212, 213; offering head price for slave, 494; treatment of slaves, 494-95; wilful killing of slave, 501; unwarranted cruelty, 503; slave violences against whites, 507 and n; shift of on free Negroes, 611; treatment of local news, 781. See Reform movements.
- Public schools, opposition to, 37, 260-2; as social centers, 95, 100, 113; Ch. IX, 259-82; agitation, 260, 262-65, 828, 831; attempted legislation, 266-272; act of 1839, 271-72; administration to 1852, 272-76; indifference to, 276-77; under C. H. Wiley, 277-82, 279n-281n; number, 280; buildings, 272-73, 276, 284, 311; equipment, 312-13; curriculum, 315-16; teachers, 319-21; methods, 321-22; free Negroes excluded, 601; power of county court to appoint superintendent, 622. See University of North Carolina.
- Pulliam, M. A. and S., 247.
- Pulliam's boarding house, Raleigh, 152.
- Punishments, object of prevention of crime, 645; application of death penalty in 1817, 645-46; codification of code urged, 646-47; clergyable offenses, 647; dismemberment, 647-48, 682; imprisonment, 647, 648, 649-50, 649n; pillorying, whipping, or fine, 648, 649 and n; branding, 648, 682; cruel and unusual, 650; under Revised Statutes of 1837, 651; under Revised Code, 652-53; imprisonment as substitute for benefit of clergy, 653; agitation for penitentiary, 661-73; difficulty of obtaining convictions, 673-74.
- Purefay, G. W., 445, 609, 816.
- Purviance, David, 366, 370.
- Quakers, in colonial period, 18; characterized, 120; and education, 284-85, 301; New Garden Boarding School, 301-2; discussed, 353-58; number in 1860, 369; relief work, 423; officeholding, 427; and slavery, 458, 459, 461-62, 564; work in behalf of colonization, 462, work under suspicion, 572-73; influence on emancipation in Pasquotank, 594; petitions on emancipation, 595. See Friends.
- Quarantine, power of justices over, 620; State laws on incoming vessels, 721; on smallpox in Edenton, 737; in hands of local police, 762.
- Quarter-racing, described, 182-83.
- Queen's Museum, Charlotte, 296.
- Quiltings, described, 92, 95.
- Race mixing, cases cited, 71-72, 220, 221; Supreme Court on, 222; laws against, 498; relation of white women with Negro men, 588-90; intermarriages, 590-91; acts against intermarriage, 590, 591; marriage between races void, 591; relation of white men with Negro women, 591-93; "free mulatto not satisfied with black wife," 603; issuing license for marriage misdemeanor, 652; Vice-president Johnson accused, 788-89. See Mulattoes.
- Race relations, master-slave relationship in Jone's Catechism, 464, 544;
laws pertaining to, 498-99;
inability of person of color to give evidence against whites, 498;
bill of 1800, 499-500, insolent language as excuse for battery on slave, 502, 505; extenuating circumstances of slave's battery on white, 504; during insurrection scare, 510-13; of children, 540; theories expressed in Pattillo's "The Negroes Catechism," 543-44; Baptists permit slaves religious freedom equal to whites, 544-45; patriarchal character of slavery, 547; example of insult to white, 557; Star on degradation of color, 571-72; whites and free Negroes, 582; "honest indignation" at race mixing, 589-80, 789; legal definition of Negro, 598-99; incapacity of free Negro as legal witness against white, 599; debates on free Negro in Constitutional Convention, 602-3; Justice Pearson on necessity of Negro's submission to white, 605-6; Justice Nash on insolent acts of Negro, 619; proposal to send whites associating with Negroes to house of correction, 695. - Railroads, construction of, 24-26; effect on postal service, 29; effect on towns, 115, 117-19; operation on Sunday disapproved, 446; obstruction capital offense, 652; effect on news policy of papers, 784. See names of Railroads.
- Rainey, Isaac, 538.
- Raleigh, railroad, 25, 26; mail service, 28-29; telegraph service, 30; state capitol, 32; society described, 52 and n, 61-62, 151; aristocracy, 61-62; poor families, 69; T. P. Devereux, 85; state fair, 108; population, 114, 117, 583; location, 116; plan, 119; described, 121; government, 123-24, 123n, 126, 127; free Negroes, 128, 583; street lights, 129; capitol square, 130; street repair, 131; fire protection, 132, 134, 135; water works, 135-36; market house, 136-37, 138-39; Raleigh Blues, 140; Lafayette's visit, 140-41; Washington's birthday, 143; celebration of 1840, 143-44; Taylor funeral ceremony, 145-46; campaign of 1840, 150; hotels, 152 and n; Sunday promenade, 155; Amateurs' Band, 155; Academy, 155, 164, 175, 228, 286-87, 308, 309, 313, 323-25, 329; lodge, 156; subscription balls, 156-57, dances, 159; charity school, 163, 266, 702-3; Library Company, 164-65, 166n; lyceum club needed, 168; temperance movement, 170; cold water celebration, 172; mechanics association, 174; music club, 175; Thespian Society, 175-76, 701; itinerant players, 178; gambling, 187; gas lights, 233; shops, 246-47; Whig ladies, 249; school, 253; boys of, 254; law school, 288; military school, 289; infant school, 291; and Methodists, 345; Catholic church, 368; revival, 389, 390; Bible Society station, 417; Sunday schools, 420; Mite Society, 425; free church, 430; Presbyterian church, 436; rowdies, 446; resolution of Methodists on schism of 1844, 465; reports on money invested in slave trade, 473-74, wagon sent to for arms, 516; panic over conspiracy of 1831, 519; Negro Methodists, 545; Negro Episcopal congregation, 547; Negroes patronize grog shops, 557; Helme address on slavery and agriculture, 561-62; Grellet visits, 562; Colonization Society, 569-70; John Rex of, 570-71; grand jury indicts Garrison and Knapp, 573; free Negroes characterized, 578; Lunsford Lane expelled from State, 586-87; Isaac Hunter expelled from State, 586, 587; free Negroes seized by Negro trader, 598; mob mistreats free Negro, 605; school for free Negroes, 610; controversy on support of penitentiary, 664, 669; Association for Suppression of Vice, 675, 701; contribution for poor of Europe, 698; case for help for local poor, 698-99; Rex fund for hospital, 700; fast day in 1849, 731; Dr. W. H. McKee, 733; black tongue, 737; eye specialist, 745; grave robbery, 746; North Carolina Medical Society, 758; Minerva, 764-65; Register, 765-66; frequency of newspapers, 773; periodicals, 796, 797, 798, 799, 802, 803, 804; almanacs, 811; printeries and book binders, 814; Mary Bayard Clarke, 825.
- Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Co., 24, 117.
- Raleigh Microcosm, 796.
- Raleigh Minerva. See Minerva.
- Raleigh Press, 774.
- Raleigh Register, 27, 28, 33-34, 35, 36, 37, 39-40, 44, 40, 60, 63, 67, 75, 80, 82, 104, 127, 129, 133, 144, 151, 165, 165-66, 176, 182, 183n, 185, 189, 190, 193, 242, 249-50, 252, 254, 259, 260, 261-62, 267, 283, 293, 303-4, 306-7, 309-10, 313-14, 316, 356, 358, 366-67, 388-89, 403, 405, 407-8, 419, 426, 506, 508, 510, 554, 562, 563, 576, 578, 592, 603, 605, 610, 643, 644, 656, 661, 664, 672, 678, 679-80, 698, 703, 708, 709, 712-13, 716, 720, 731, 735, 743-807, passim, 818, 824, 825.
- Raleigh Times, 565, 566.
- Raley, Miss, shop, 246.
- Ramsour's Mills, 35.
- Randolph, John, 821.
- Randolph, Mrs. Mary, 232.
- Randolph County, 93, 166n, 300-1, 355, 356, 360, 361n, 381-82, 383, 387, 391, 417, 577, 580, 609, 760.
- Rankin, John, revivalist, 379.
- Rankin, Thomas, 374.
- Rankin, W. C., 415.
- Ransom, Captain, 289.
- Rape, mob violence as punishment, 508-10; petitions for reprieves for Negroes convicted of, 589-90; castration of slaves convicted of, 650; assault by free person of color with intent to commit ousted of clergy, 652.
- Ravenscroft, Bishop John Stark, 333, 335, 432, 438, 449, 455, 816, 821.
- Ray and Black, printers, 766.
- Raynor, Kenneth, 67, 74, 485.
- Rea, Eliza, 325.
- Read, James, Separate Baptist, 373.
- Read, Jesse, 815.
- Reading, habits, 82, 194, 228, 231, 804-5; rooms, in town, 164-65; societies, 167. See Libraries; Library Societies.
- Reconstruction, 330, 550 and n, 613.
- Recreation, 95, 150; of planter, 81-86; reading as, 82, 194, 228, 231, 804-5; of farmer, 90-109; lack of, 151, 190; of village men, 164-68; feature of temperance movement, 171-72; commercialized, 180; camp meetings, 408; church service, 442-46; slave, 550-59. See Sports; Rural life; Games.
- Red house of Hillsboro, 142.
- Red necks. See Poor whites.
- Redding, Jesse, 513.
- Reform movements, basis of representation, 34-35, 76; manhood suffrage, 35-36; opposition to, 37, 627-28, 713; toward democratization, 53, 73-77; temperance, 152-53, 453-58; public education, 260, 262-65; amelioration of slave code, 499-501; colonization, 569-72; abolition of slavery, 572-81; preservation of free Negro's civil rights, 584-85; judiciary reform, 613, 627-43; amelioration of criminal code, 644-45, 650-54; Nash's pledge to fight for amelioration of criminal code, 650-51; abolishment of imprisonment for debt, 654-57; agitation for penitentiary, 661-73; improvement in jail conditions, 682; in behalf of poor, 690-91; in behalf of insane, 711-13; in behalf of deaf and blind, 713-14; in medicine, 717, 759-63.
- Reformed Church. See German Reformed.
- Reformed Evangelical Church, 362.
- Reformed Medical Society, 757.
- Regionalism, of North Carolina described, 22, 31-32, 36. See Sectionalism.
- Regular Baptists, 337, 338, 339, 340.
- Reichel, Levin Theodore, 816.
- Reid, David S., 35.
- Reid, Captain John, 443.
- Religion, in colonial period, 18, 332-33, 336, 337-39, 348-51;
in woman's life, 228-29;
disrespect for, 331-32, 370, 371;
denominational growth, 331-70;
literature, 360, 380,-419, 815-17;
camp meeting movement, 371-88;
revival cycles, 388-90; instruction, 541-49; See names of denominations. - Religious toleration, offered colonial settlers, 332; discussed, 426-33; lack of, 345, 347, 401, 430, 545.
- Representation, county basis of in General Assembly, 34; movement for equal, 34-35, 769.
- Republican Methodist Church, 366.
- Republican Revolution of 1800, 104.
- Republicans. See Jeffersonian Republicans.
- Resorts. See Summer resorts.
- Revised Code of 1855, town government, 123; on marriage, 200; on bastardy, 215; on bigamy, 216-17; criminal jurisdiction of county court, 621-22; superior court districts, 623; crimes and punishments, 652-53; Cantwell on, 654.
- Revised Statutes of 1837, crimes and punishments, 651-52, 653; penalty on warden of poor for refusal to serve, 685.
- Revivals, 361, 371-409. See Great Revival.
- Rex, John, 571, 700.
- Rhodes, James, 758.
- Rhodes, William Henry, 826.
- Rich Lands plantation, 226.
- Richards, W. P., editor, 796.
- Richardson, Elder N., on Ralph Freeman, 609.
- Richmond, Va., 23, 84, 114, 514, 569.
- Richmond County, 53, 106, 108, 260n, 349, 389, 470.
- Richmond Enquirer, quoted, 561.
- Richmond Family Visitor, 802.
- Ricks, Micajah, 494.
- Riddick, Joseph, 665.
- Ring tournament, 184-85.
- Rintleman, Christopher, 359.
- Rip Van Winkle, North Carolina as, 21, 25, 764, 827.
- Rippel, Henry, Sunday school at house, 419.
- Ripple, Martin, 361.
- Rising, Mrs. Anne, 50.
- Roads, turnpike, 24, 28; plank, 26; system, 26-28, 131; condition, 29; crowded with emigrants, 39; location of towns, 114; building, 118; justices of peace exempt from duty, 617.
- Roanoke Advocate, 768.
- Roberts, John, 681.
- Robertson, James, 7, 12.
- Robeson County, 107, 108, 168, 349, 488, 558, 582, 632-33, 686.
- Robinson, Solon, 485.
- Robinson, William, 350, 377.
- Rockford, fair, 106; controversy over location, 116; care of poorhouse, 696.
- Rockingham, Railroad, 25, 26.
- Rockingham County, 186, 204, 482, 584, 589, 662-63, 696, 710.
- Rocky Mount, 490.
- Roger, Peleg, 756.
- Rogers, John, 326.
- Roman Catholic Church, in North Carolina, 335, 368-69; fear of, 428. See Catholics.
- Ross, Elder Martin, 340, 341, 412-13.
- Rough Notes, 774.
- Rouse, Andrew, 693.
- Rowan Auxiliary Colonization Society, organized, 570.
- Rowan County, 14, 101, 107, 108, 150, 204, 224, 272, 275-76, 297, 335, 358, 360, 361n, 362, 415, 531, 603, 605, 696, 727.
- Roxboro, mail service, 29; Cameron plantation on road to, 547.
- Royall, Mrs. Anne, 141-42, 248.
- Ruddiman, Thomas, 814.
- Ruffin, Edmund, 796.
- Ruffin, James H., 41.
- Ruffin, John S., 140.
- Ruffin, Thomas, 41, 108, 117-18, 626, 633, 639-40, 643; quoted, 153, 203, 205, 222, 243n, 250, 496, 500, 503, 531, 534, 536-37, 555, 596.
- Ruffin, William, 326.
- Rumple, Jethro, 12.
- Rural life, Ch. IV, 80-113; Great Revival, 390; camp meeting, 390-94, 408; isolation, 402; church, 442-46. See Farmers; Yeomanry; Agriculture; Plantation System.
- Russell, Captain, 142.
- Russell, D. L., 487, 523.
- Russell, Robert, 558.
- Russell, Thomas, 526.
- Rutgers University, 749.
- Rutherford County, 102n, 211, 257, 400, 402, 446, 504-5, 509, 520, 658-59, 687, 688, 696, 704, 705-6, 707.
- Rutherford Spectator, quoted, 34.
- Rutherfordton, railroad, 25; academy, 324; arrest of abolitionist, 577; whipping post and stocks moved back of jail, 679; newspaper, 768, 790.
- Sabbath, breaking, act of 1741 discussed, 446-47; as cause of church discipline, 451; planter arrested for, 479; penalty for cognizable before magistrate, 618; punishment, 649; observance of, 94, 127-28. See Sunday.
- Sabo, Cato, Negro doctor, 758.
- St. Anthony's fire, skin disease, 737.
- St. Mary's School, 307.
- St. Phillip's Parish, 544.
- Salem, people described, 80; Academy, 306, 365, 419; plan of, 119, 120; government, 125-126, 125n; erection, 364; Sunday school, 419; Sunday school for Negroes, 542; Episcopal Church, 547; Crooks--McBride trial for circulating abolition literature, 575-77; Farmers' Reporter, 796; Salem Magazine, 798. See Moravian Church.
- Salem Chronicle, publication of "The Wagoner," 825.
- Salem Magazine, 798.
- Salem Society for Protection of Property, 675.
- Salisbury, railroad, 25, 26; main road west, 27-28; mail stage, 28, 29; aristocracy, 61; people described by traveler, 80; styles, 87; population, 114, location, 115; campaign of 1840, 150; dance, 160; parties, 161; rowdies, 162; Institute, lectures, 167-68; theatrical societies, 177; minstrels perform, 179; cockfighting banned, 181; Jockey club, 182n; architecture, 224; shops, 247; family discipline, 254; Academy, 285 and n, 296, 325; Female Academy, 307; St. Luke's Church, 336n; Baptist Church, 342; Lutherans, 359; revival, 380; Bible Society, 417; slave funeral, 541; attitude toward B. S. Hedrick, 567; district court, 622; insane man confined in jail, 709; newspapers 764, 767, 768, 771-72; criticism by "The Club," 782; North Carolina Magazine, 794; Farmers' Advocate, 796.
- Salmon, William, 693.
- Saloon, licensed, 96-97, 126, 454; in social life of town, 119; gambling at unlawful, 186. See Grog shops; Spirituous liquors.
- Saluda Falls, 197.
- Sampson County, 224, 230, 275, 349, 488, 513, 515-16, 519-20, 550, 556n, 574.
- Sandy Creek Association, organization, 338, 339; revivals, 387, 388; revival of 1824, 389; women's missionary society, 425; petition against treating with liquor, 455; on slaveholding, 462; on slave marriages, 537, 538.
- Sanitation and health, Ch. XXIV, 717-63.
- Satchwell, Dr. S. S., quoted, 722, 723, 748, 756, 763.
- Saunders, Dr., 759.
- Saunders, Romulus M., 736, 812.
- Sawyer, Lemuel, 105, 194, 821, 824.
- Sawyer, L. T., 47.
- Sawyer, Mary, quoted, 237.
- Sawyer, Matthias E., 822.
- Schaw, Alexander, 16.
- Schaw, Janet, 16, 94, 233, 245, 489.
- Schneider, Heinreich, 175.
- School Fund, 269. See Literary Fund.
- School. See Public school.
- Scotch, number tabulated, 9; Highlands, 8, 9, 11, 349; as settlers, 10, 11-12, 33, 52n.
- Scotch-Irish, settlers, 8, 65, 353; number tabulated, 9; character of, 11-12, 52n; and education, 284-85, 301; and Presbyterian Church, 349, 350; influence in American history, 817.
- Scott, Edward M., 749.
- Scott, R., dentist, 747.
- Scott, Sir Walter, 184.
- Seaton, William Winston, 766.
- Seawell, James, 191.
- "Second Nazareth," North Carolina as, 41.
- Sectionalism, cause of, 8, 22, 23, 51, 668-69; discussed, 31-36.
- Sellers, Mrs. Ann, 229-30.
- Sellers, Colonel John, 230.
- Semi-Weekly Standard, 177.
- Semple, Robert, B., quoted, 373.
- Separate Baptists, establishment, 338 and n, 339, 340, 342, 367, 412; religious methods, 372-73, 375; great meetings, 373, 390; Great Revival, 377; evangelization, 385; liberties given slaves, 544.
- Sermons, camp meeting, 392-93, 395, 403; length, 444; subjects, 444-45; and religious controversies, 445; on peace, 454.
- Servants, proportion, 57; wage of female domestics, 70; case cited, 71-72; on plantation, 83, 84, 85, 235; dependence on, 230; of planter, 231; appearance of, 232; supervision, 234; management, 236-37; white women as, 247; Negro as nurses, 252-53; on large plantations, 476; assist trash gang, 480; disobedience, 496; free Negroes, 606; death penalty for embezzlement, 646; apprentices, 705; manipulate fly-brush, 719.
- Setzer, George, 155.
- Sewers, 130, 131-32.
- Sex relations, interracial, 71-72, 220, 221, 222, 588-93; common law marriages, 207-8, 207n; illegitimacy, 209-12, 209n; double standard protested, 213; prostitution, 215-16; importance of female virtue, 228; immorality as cause of church discipline, 450, 452; shift of opinion on rape, 507-10, 507n; of slaves, 535-39; of free Negro, 610-11; frequency of trials for unlawful, 657, 658-59, 660; prosecutions and convictions, 667, 670. See Marriage; Race mixing.
- Sexes, separation at social gathering, 85, 158-59; associations during courtship, 191-202, 208-9; equality of, 248, 250; separation in schools, 277, 301; separation at church service, 392; plea for equal share in church activities, 426. See Sex relations.
- Shakespearian plays, condemned, 178.
- Share cropper, 69n. See Tenants; Poor whites.
- Sharp, John, quoted, 383.
- Sharpe, Dr. W. R., quoted, 733, 738.
- Shaw, Hugh, revivalist, 380.
- Shaw, William, 64n.
- Sheffield Register, 765.
- Shelby, 249n.
- Shelby, Colonel Henry, 82.
- Shepard, Charles B., 31, 564-65.
- Shepard, William B., 58, 159, 198, 274, 295.
- Sheppard, A. H., 585.
- Sheriff, popular election urged, 76; advertise runaways at church, 445; authority to seize smuggled slaves, 472, collection of poor tax, 688-89; jurisdiction over poor children, 704-5.
- Sherwood, John, 796 and n.
- Sherwood, M. S., 769.
- Shirley plantation, 84, 85.
- Shober, Emanuel, 269, 675.
- Shober, G., 360, 361.
- Shocco Female Academy, 307.
- Shocco Springs, 188, 189, 190, 726.
- Shooting matches, 109, 112, 173-74.
- Short story contest, 801.
- Shorter Catechism, 349, 353.
- Shorthand schools, 288, 291.
- Shower of flesh and blood, 50.
- Shufflers, slaves unfit for hard labor, 480.
- Siamese Twins, 179.
- Sick house, slave hospital, 527.
- Sidewalks, 130, 131-32.
- Sikes, Theodore M., 747.
- Silk, culture of, 246.
- Simms, William Gilmore, 173, 827.
- Simons, J. H., 711.
- Simpson, Mrs. Ann K., 50.
- Singing schools, 93-94, 100, 444.
- Sion, slave, clothes, 525.
- Skin diseases, scabies and impetigo, 73; of slaves, 529; of whites, 717.
- Slade, A., 484.
- Slade, Alfred M., 759.
- Slade, General Jeremiah, 52, 83.
- Slang, knock-'em-stiff, 80; corned, 97; nigger, 145, 345; the ardent, 149; doggeries, 153; examples of, 155; getting blue, 160; three sheets in the wind, 163; niggs, O. K., 184n; dulcina, 195; coxcomb, 195, 198; loadstone, 196; cockfiighter, 198; fly the track, 202; use in editorial paragraphs, 791-92. See Colloquial expessions.
- Slater, John, 503.
- Slave Code, Ch. XVII, 493-521.
- Slave conspiracies, 510-15, 519-21, 550, 594, 603, 646 See Insurrections.
- Slave driver, Negro leader on plantation, 476, 487.
- Slave labor. See Slave system.
- Slave system, Ch. XVI, 468-92. See Slave code, Social life of slave.
- Slave Trade, 471-75, 598.
- Slaveholders, in 1790, 15; tabulated by numbers, 55; tabulated by percent, 56; tabulated by families, 56; size of families, 251n; rank of North Carolina, 468-69; percent of families, 469; concentration, 469-70; interest of in Southern Rights Convention, 565-66; Helper's warning to, 568; free Negro, 607-8. See Planters, Farmers.
- Slavery, effect on attitude toward labor, 77-78, 230-31; religious theories on, 458, 462-65, 463n, 495. See Slave system; Slave code; Anti-slavery movement, Slaves.
- Slaves, in colonial period, 8, 10, 470; numbers tabulated, 55; percentage per owner tabulated, 56; social status, 59; compared with poor whites, 71; as house servants, 83; trafficking, 128; in fire companies, 135; marketing, 137-38, 138n. See Slave system; Slave code; Social life of the slave; Negroes.
- Slocum, Jonathan L., 302.
- Slow racing, described, 109, 13.
- Small, Reuben, 240.
- Smallpox, town ordinances, 127; vaccine less needed than cure for malaria, 722; Jenner discovery of vaccine, 734; treatment, 750.
- Smith, Ashbel, 770n.
- Smith, Benjamin B., 586.
- Smith, David, Jr., 767.
- Smith, Harrison, 246.
- Smith, Dr. James, 735, 736.
- Smith, James S., 428.
- Smith, John Blair, 378, 379.
- Smith, Nathaniel, overseer, 490-91.
- Smithfield, farm products, 5; Jones' inoculations for smallpox, 734; camp plague, 737.
- Smythe, C. W., 321.
- Sneed, Alexander, quoted, 186.
- Sneed, Mrs. Jane, 533.
- Sneed, Jon P., 685.
- Snuff-dipping, poor whites, 72; described, 92-93.
- Soap-making, 235.
- Social classes, in colonial period, 10-11, 16-17, 53,
Ch. III, 52-79;
economic basis, 53-59;
gentry, 59-63;
middle class, 63-65;
yeomanry and mechanics, 65-67;
poor whites, 67-73;
movement toward democracy, 73-77;
degradation of labor, 77-79;
Helper's threat of class war, 568. See Upper classes; Gentry; Lower classes; Poor, Mechanics; etc. - Social lag, in family relationship, 191, 219-20. See Reform movements.
- Social legislation, public schools, 272-78; State Asylum for insane, 712-13; education of deaf and blind, 714-16; newspaper policy, 782-83; attitude of Western North Carolina. 788; in antebellum period, 827-31. See Reform movements; Poor relief; Court system; Criminal Code.
- Social life, on plantation, 81-86; on farm, 90-95, 113; in towns, 152-87; equality of, 157. See Social life of slaves; Free Negroes.
- Social life of slave, Ch. XVIII, 222-59.
- Social trends, humanitarianism, 21, 37, 74, 168; manhood suffrage, 35-36; labor organizations, 72 and n, 174 and n; democratization, 73-77; temperance movement, 152-53, 453-58; woman movement, 249-50, 258; emancipation of slaves, 249, 593-97; public education, 259, 264-65, 329-30; religious expansion, 340-42, 343, 410-33; amelioration of slave code, 499-501; colonization of free Negroes, 569-72; abolition of slavery, 572-81; judiciary reform, 613, 627-43; amelioration of criminal code, 644-45, 650-54; abolishment of imprisonment for debt, 654-57; agitation for state penitentiary, 661-73; improvement in jail conditions, 682; agitation for reforms in poor relief, 690-91; state care of insane, 711-13; education of deaf and blind, 713-14; in medicine, 717, 759-63; newspaper policy toward, 782-83, 788.
- Societies, agricultural, 106-9; moral, 151, 169; reform, 155; benevolent, 163-64, 164n, 410; library, 164-66, 166n; debating, 166-67; literary and lyceum, 167-68, 168n, 190; temperance, 168-72, 342; conversation, 190; missionary, 340, 341; tract, 342, 346, 418; Bible, 416-18; publication, 418; peace, 454; manumission, 461-62; colonization, 462; medical, 758-59, 760-61.
- Society for Propagation of Gospel, 18, 332-33, 354.
- Society of Friends. See Friends, Society of.
- Sojourner, William, 337.
- Somerset Place, 485. See Josiah Collins, Jr.
- Songs, of town rowdies, 162; temperance, 172; minstrel, 179-80; camp meeting, 392-93, 394-95; John Canoe, 553; "Virginny Nigger Berry Good," 554; "I Lost My Shoe in an Old Canoe," 554; books of by North Carolinians, 826.
- Sons of Liberty, 245.
- Sons of Temperance, 170-72, 458, 803, 804.
- South Atlantic states, 84, 224, 469.
- South Carolina, 5, 8, 38, 40, 45, 62, 98n, 115, 189, 350, 351, 360, 371, 390, 414, 415, 468, 469, 470, 527, 709, 746, 813, 827. See Charleston; Columbia.
- South Carolina Gazette, 19.
- Southern Agriculturist, Charleston, 796.
- Southern Citizen, 795 and n.
- Southern Index, 798.
- Southern Literary Messenger, 812, 818-19, 821, 825.
- Southern Medicine and Surgery, 809.
- Southern Weekly Post, 78, 98-99, 99-100, 188, 225, 230, 247-48, 254-55, 526, 716, 779, 791, 796-97, 799-800, 801, 805, 809.
- Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 32, 43-44.
- Sparrow, P. J., 297.
- Speech, Pennsylvania Dutch, 12, 89; provincial, 52n; of poor whites, 72; examples, 103. See Dialect; Colloquial and provincial expressions; Slang; Freedom of Speech.
- Spellman, Jacob, 608.
- Spellman, John, 775.
- Spencer, Cornelia Phillips, 232-33, 826.
- Spirit of the Age, 797, 803, 805, 806, 822.
- Spiritual songs, sung by wagoners, 137; at camp meeting, 393, 394-95, 395n; Elder Burkitt publishes pamphlets, 395; Daniel's Selections of Hymns and Spiritual Songs, 826.
- Spirituous liquors, license for retailing, 96-97; town control of, 153; and gambling, 186; tax on for education, 265; drinking at school prohibited, 327; at camp meeting, 407 and n; sale prohibited at church, 454; forbidden slaves, 498; slaves forbidden to sell, 532n; master warns against sale to slaves, 533; petitions and legislation on Negro use, 557; retailing without license, 559, 658, 659, 670-71; legislation on free Negro use, 601; prosecutions and convictions, 667, 670; use in surgery, 744. See Grog shops, Temperance movement, Drinking.
- Sports, colonial, 17; on plantation, 85-86; on farm, 91-92, 94; of poor whites, 95; throwing sledge, 109; rural described, 109-113; cockfighting, 180-81; horse racing, 181-83; ring tournament, 184-85; boys', 254; churches disapprove "sports of pleasure," 449; slave playing ball on Sunday forbidden, 551; John Canoe custom, 552-53; slave fishing, hunting, gambling, 555-57. See Games.
- Sprees, fence-building, 92; singing, 94; of rowdies, 162. See Frolics.
- Springs. See Summer resorts.
- Spruill, George E., 585, 668-69.
- Stage coaches, 28, 29n, 115, 784. See postal service.
- Standard. See North Carolina Standard.
- Stanford, Samuel, revivalist, 382.
- Stanly, Edward, 149.
- Stanly, John, 585, 675, 711, 813.
- Stanly, John C., 14n, 43-44.
- Stanly, John Carruthers, 608, 610.
- Stanly, John Stewart, 608.
- Stanly County, 34, 361n, 362.
- Stanton, Jonathan, 598.
- Stantonsburg, 170.
- Staples, in colonial period, 15; in ante-bellum period, 53; of Western North Carolina, 122; of plantations, 481; after opening of Northwest, 482n; grain, 484. See Crops, Produce.
- Star, 3, 30, 42, 64-65, 136, 164, 165-66, 195, 200, 201, 212, 395, 389, 405, 436, 440, 457, 501, 509, 534, 564, 571-72, 573-74, 661, 665, 672, 676, 678-79, 709, 720, 731, 745, 764, 766-67, 770-85 passim 792, 793, 797, 804, 827-28.
- Statesville, location, 115; petition from, 116; school for women, 307; Academy, 329; Presbyterian Church, 353; Great Revival, 383.
- Stearns, Shubel, 338, 372-73, 385, 412.
- Stedman, Andrew J., 798.
- Steele, John, 81-82.
- Steiner, Abraham, 542.
- Stock raising. See Livestock.
- Stocks, location, 119 and n, 679; crimes punished by, 649.
- Stokes County, 101, 108, 166n, 188, 189, 289, 360, 420, 482, 575, 696.
- Stone, Barton W., 366, 370, 379.
- Stone, Governor David, 266, 638.
- Stone, Lucy, woman's movement, 248.
- Storch, Charles Augustus Gottlieb, 359.
- Stores, country, 68, 95, 98-100, 113, 617; in county towns, 116, 117; town, 119; in Morganton, 121. See Merchants.
- Stoves, town regulation of, 132; popularity increases, 227.
- Strange, Robert, 22, 167, 813, 824, 829.
- Strange, T. Early, 769, 777.
- Streets, described, 119, 121; Raleigh, 123; repair, 126, 130-32; lighting, 129; livestock in, 129-30; women on, 155.
- Stringer, William, 773.
- Strother, F. K., 800-1.
- Strudwick, Dr. Edmund, 745, 760.
- Strutt, Joseph, 110.
- Subscription schools, 71, 308; Brantley York's, 100; discussed, 283-84; curriculum, 284, 314; classes in, 302, 321; building described, 310-11; equipment, 312-13; teachers, 318, 320; methods of, 321 and n.
- Suffrage, property qualification, 35, 76; manhood, 36, 76; in town government, 123; of free Negroes under Constitution of 1776, 601-2; debates on free Negro, 602-3; free Negro deprived of, 603; in municipal elections, 603-4.
- Summer resorts, discussed, 188-90; trip to, 726; influence of hydrotherapy, 757.
- Summerbell, N., 816.
- Sunday, on farm, 90-91; hunting on, 94, 448; observance, 127; afternoon stroll, 155, 551; conduct of slaves on, 550-51. See Sabbath.
- Sunday School Times, 422.
- Sunday schools, Lutheran, 361; movement discussed, 419-23, 432; slaves taught in, 542; for Phelps Lake slaves, 548.
- Sunday Times, quoted, 791.
- Superior Court. See Court system.
- Superstitions, 22; discussed, 48-51; in the nursery, 252-53; of masses, 404; fear of insane, 708; of childbirth, 740; medicine, 754-55.
- Supreme Court. See Court system.
- Surgery, discussed, 743-45.
- Surry Congressional District, opposition to slavery, 564.
- Surry County, 80-81, 103-4, 106, 116, 355, 617, 681, 696, 697, 824.
- Sutherland, Polly, 240.
- Suthers, Samuel, 362.
- Swaim, Lyndon, 566, 769; Greensborough Patriot, 769.
- Swaim, Moses, 461.
- Swaim, William, 769, 795n, 823.
- Swain, Benjamin, 795 and n.
- Swain, David L., 20, 293, 296, 585, 798, 819, 820.
- "Swannanoa," poem, 825.
- Swiss, settlers, 8, 9, 358, 468.
- Syme, John W., editor, 766.
- Synod of North Carolina, Presbyterian, establishment, 351; mission work, 352, 411, 412, 415; revival of 1821, 389; report on religious exercises, 401, 402, tract work, 419 and n; Sunday schools, 420; church work of women, 425-26; on interdenominationalism, 431; on scarcity of ministers, 437; on ministers' salaries, 438; against intemperance, 454-55; reports on colonization societies, 462; withdrawal from General Assembly, 466; report of 1821 on work among Negroes, 546-47; hears report on instruction of deaf, 714. See Presbyterian Church.
- Taboos, marriage of wife's sister, 193; incest, 216, 507; rape, 507-10, 589-90; social relations of whites and Negroes, 695, 788-89.
- Taliaferro, H. E., 80-81, 617, 824.
- Tally, Andrew, 755.
- Tar industry, 486.
- Tarboro, mail service, 28; example of personal abuse, 46; W. H. Wills, 91, produce, 98; population, 114; fire protection, 133, 134; public performances, 180; architecture, 224; Episcopal Convention in, 333, 334; temperance movement, 456; attitude on malicious killing of slave, 501; scare over conspiracy of 1825, 515; regulation of free Negroes, 604; bridge contractor, 606; smallpox epidemic, 736; newspapers, 768-69; Edgecombe Farm-Journal, 797.
- Tarborough Free Press, 171, 507, 688, 768, 769, 770, 802, 804.
- Tarborough Southerner, 769, 804, 809.
- Tate, James, 285.
- Tate, Robert, 382.
- Tate, Sandy, 581.
- Tate's Academy, 285.
- Tatom, Absalom, 661-64.
- Taverns, described, 82, 95-96, 113; town, 119, 151-53, 401; celebration at, 142, 150; Joseph Harman, 180; gambling at unlawful, 186; Moravian, 364; gatherings at on Sunday, 448; Faddis, 746. See Grog shops.
- Taxation, basis of representation, 35, 36, 76; town, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 133, 134; for public schools, 260-61, 267-68, 269, 272, 274. See Taxes.
- Taxes, on liquor, 96-97, 126; on gambling tables, 187; opposition to increases, 261, 831; for public schools, 274-75, 280n; church members pay, 430; on church pews, 443n; on slaves imported, 471; capitation tax on free Negroes urged, 584; planters pay poll tax on free Negroes on plantation, 607; for erection of penitentiary too great, 663; reason for defeat of penitentiary question in 1846, 672-73; for poor, 684, 686-87; bill to reduce, 697; for asylum for insane, 713. See Taxation.
- Taylor, John Louis, 239, 260, 288, 427, 626, 644, 647, 664, 674.
- Taylor, Dr. W. M., 760.
- Taylor, William, 429.
- Taylor, Zachary, 145-46.
- Tea, parties, 142, 160-61, 190; at dance, 158; drinking, 160, 206, 232.
- Teachers, 57n; social status, 60, 63, 318; instruction of poor free, 265; training, 269, 300-1, 320; associations, 270-71, 320, 322; supply of, 275, 280, 280n, 281n; "articles" of, 284, 318; trained in Normal College, 300-1; school equipment of, 312, of subscription school, 314, 318; of common schools, 319-21; certificates of, 319; and school discipline, 326-29.
- Telegraph, coming of, 30; effect on civilization feared, 80; influence on news policy, 785.
- Telfair, Thomas, 46.
- Temperance, lecturers, 100; movement, 153, 160; societies, 168-72, 318; agents, 170, 171; debate, 172; position of the churches, 453-58; newspapers, 797, 801, 803-4.
- Temple, Rev., 802.
- Tenella. See Clarke, Mary Bayard.
- Tenants, 68-70, 68n, 69n, 584. See Agriculture; Poor whites.
- Tennent, Gaillard S., 739.
- Tennent, William, 376-77.
- Tennessee, 38n, 40, 205, 207, 245-46, 360, 314, 386 398-99.
- Tennet, William, Jr., 377.
- Terrel, John, 538.
- Textbooks, lack of uniformity, 281n; in subscription schools, 314; in common schools, 315-16; in academies, 316-17; of Salisbury Academy, 325; out of date, 330.
- Thalian associations, 176-77.
- Thanksgiving Day, observance, 144; opposition to, 830.
- Theaters, of New Bern, 120; courthouse used as, 139; of Fayetteville, 156; opposition to, 158, 449; discussed, 175-78, 190.
- Theatrical companies and societies, 175-78, 178-79, 178n, 266.
- Therapeutics. See Medical therapy.
- Thespian Society of Raleigh, 175-76, 286, 701; of Salisbury, 177; of Warrenton, 177.
- Thomas, James, 456.
- Thomas, Joseph, 366, 401.
- Thomas, Nathaniel P., 597.
- Thompson, Charles H., 173.
- Thompson, John, 350.
- Thompson, William, 815.
- Thomson, Samuel, 757.
- Thornburg, Burgwyn plantation, 485-86, 565.
- Thyatira Presbyterian Church, 380.
- Tippecanoe Club, 150.
- Tippling houses, 119, 153, 190. See Grog shops, Spirituous liquors.
- Tobacco, colonial product, 6, 482n; as crop, 5, 10, 15, 53; use of, prevalence of chewing and smoking, 91, 151, 208, 439; snuff-dipping, 92-93; use by camp meeting preachers, 408; as reward to slave, 469, 529; routine of crop, 482-84; in courtroom, 614; sold in Virginia, 828.
- Tokens, religious, 387, 421, 449.
- Toleration. See Religious toleration.
- Tompkins, D. A., 754-55.
- Tompkins, Dr. John F., 478, 522, 796-97.
- Toms, Francis, 354, 355.
- Toole, Henry Irvin, 204.
- Toomer, John D., 637.
- Tournament. See Ring tournament.
- Towns, lack of large, 23, 114-15; poor whites. 69; and country relationship, 78, 97, 113, 254-55, Ch. V, 114-50; life of, Ch. VI, 151-90.
- Tract societies, religious, 342, 346; North Carolina, 418-19; women's, 426; anti-slavery literature, 461.
- Trade, river, 98, 117-18; county seats, 116, 117. See Markets; Crops; Industries; Commerce.
- Tradesmen, number tabulated, 57 and n, 66; social status, 63; apprenticeship system, 70, 703-4, 705; Negro-white competition, 71-72, 72n, 174; organization of, 174; cabinet makers, 227; slave, 476-77, 541; custom of slaves hiring own time, 531-32. See Mechanics; Negro tradesmen.
- Transportation, in 1845, 21; Olmsted's observations on lack, 22; inter-regional isolation, 23, 33; Murphey plan of inland waterways, 23-24; construction of railroads, 24-25; effect of railroads, 25-26; plank roads, 26; road system, 26-28. mail stages, 28-29.
- Traveling, limited opportunities for lower classes, 25, 26, 30, 113; to market described, 137; as social practice, 188, 189-90, 726; after weddings, 206-7. See Transportation.
- Travis, Joseph, quoted, 344, 398, 401, 545-46, 549.
- Trenton, 130.
- Trinity College, 300-1, 310.
- Trollope, Frances, 73-74, 794.
- True Republican, 766.
- Tryon, Governor William, 18, 333.
- Tuberculosis, 729-30.
- Tucker, William H., 153.
- Turner, Governor, James, quoted, 267, 500.
- Turner, Nat, insurrection, 519, 499-500, 532.
- Turner, William, 706.
- Turner and Hughes, publishers, 811.
- Turpentine, area of industry, 53 and n; routine on plantation, 486-88; in treatment of worms, 742.
- Tutors, 283.See Teachers.
- Twitty, Robert G., 679.
- Tyack, J. J., book bindery, 815.
- Typhoid fever, mill ponds broken up after epidemic, 720 and n; cause, 724; types, 725; in Great Epidemic of 1846-47, 727-28; confusion with yellow fever, 728; treatment, 751, 754.
- Tyrrell County, 69, 333, 335, 694, 722.
- Tyson, Bryan, 540.
- Union Baptists, 367.
- Union County, cotton crop, 53.
- Unitas Fratrum, 125. See Moravian Church.
- United Baptists, 339.
- United Brethren's Home Missionary Society, 415.
- Universalists, 369.
- University of North Carolina, 27, 49, 61, 116-17, 140-41, 269, 290-96, 314, 323, 436, 566-67, 795, 797-98, 810, 812, 819, 822.
- University of North Carolina Magazine, 797-98.
- Upper classes, substitute slave labor for road work; traveling fashionable, 30; entry into, 59; control of officeholding, 75-77; lodge members, 101; seldom took part in rural sports, 109; frequent tavern bar, 152; dances, 159; illegitimacy among, 209, 211-12; work of women, 228-31, 245; opposition to public schools, 277; chasm between and yeomanry, 830.
- Urquhart, Mrs. Louisa, 474.
- Usher, Mr., 519.
- Vaccination, 735.
- Vagabonds, 187, 683. See Vagrancy.
- Vagrancy, 127, 216, 600, 648-49, 653.
- Valle Crucis mission, 336, 414.
- Van Buren, Martin, 787, 789.
- Vance, Zebulon B., 276n, 813.
- Vanhorn, Peter Peterson, 337.
- Vanstorie, Dr., 759.
- Vehicles, used in emigration, 39; types, 127; wagons described, 137; barouche, 140; gig, 197; ox cart, 392; masters lend to slaves for funeral, 541.
- Vendors, Negro, 103; license required, 148, 601; petition against slave, 532; free Negro, 607; sell Almanacs, 811.
- Vendor's lien, 640n.
- Venereal diseases, 738-39, 738n.
- Vermin, in houses, 234, 717.
- Verrell, R. N., 776.
- Vestal, George W., 580 and n.
- Virginia, 5, 8, 23, 25, 828, 10, 24, 38, 53, 180, 184, 203-4, 209, 232, 339, 412, 345, 360, 367, 368, 373-79 passim, 385, 390, 458, 468, 469, 470, 498, 519, 526, 569, 571, 572, 577, 578, 582, 584, 597, 601, 602, 709, 714, 736, 743, 746, 794, 796, 813, 817-19, 827.
- Virginia Gazette, 19.
- Virginia Medical Journal, 761.
- Vital Statistics, 252.
- Von Graffenried, Baron, Christoph, 119, 120.
- Wachovia, settlement, 12, 363-64.
- Waddell, H., 576.
- Waddell, James A., 800.
- Waddell, Lyttelton, Jr., 800.
- Wadesboro, lack of teachers, 320; Baptist church, 342; slave's murder of master, 506; Negro Episcopal Congregation, 547; Dew Drop, 804.
- Wages, labor scale tabulated, 70; domestics, 247; children, 255; public school teachers, 281n, 320-21; academy teachers, 324; ministers and clerks compared, 437, 438; Negro cooper, 488; plantation overseer, 490.
- "Wagoner, The," poem, 825.
- Wagram, 168.
- Waite, Samuel, 299.
- Wake County, 40, 66, 146, 172, 274, 285, 298, 417, 421, 469, 507, 560, 573, 574, 582, 610, 680-81, 697-98, 747, 756, 776.
- Wake Forest, 246.
- Wake Forest College, 225, 343, 298-301, 413, 646n.
- Wake Forest Female Seminary, 303.
- Wake Union Church, 430-32.
- Waldo, F. W., 768.
- Walker, David, 515, 518, 543, 550, 572, 585.
- Walker, Henderson, 354.
- Walker, John M., 269.
- Wallace, S. D., 277.
- Walsh, John T., 368, 802-3.
- Walters, Nicholas, 383.
- War of 1812, 371, 665, 795-96.
- Ward, Colonel, 563.
- Ward, Dr. John F., 736.
- Wardens of poor, power of county court to appoint, 622, 685; appointment by overseers of poor, 684; penalties for refusing to serve, 685; legislation in behalf of, 685-86; Bennehan legacy to Orange County, 687-88; Supreme Court on administration of poor tax, 690; and apprentice system, 690, 703; administration of poor tax, 691-94; administration of poorhouses, 696-97; care of idiots, 707.
- Warner, Harriott W., 821.
- Warren, Dr. Edward, 748, 761, 799.
- Warren, Peter, 252.
- Warren, Dr. Thomas, 490.
- Warren County, 5, 15, 77, 188, 242, 374, 469-70, 482, 484, 697-98, 699, 747, 822-23, 824.
- "Warren County Nigger, A," 824.
- Warrenton, settlement, 13;
society described, 63;
deer hunt, 86;
five game, 109;
population, 114;
location, 115;
Jefferson celebration, 143;
ball, 157;
theatrical society, 177;
races, 182;
springs, 188, 726;
Falkner School, 247, 306-7;
academy, 285;
Keys medical school, 289;
military school, 289;
Female Academy, 307; Academy, 323; Episcopal minister, 333; Episcopal charity school, 425; newspapers, 768; Bragg and Green encounter, 790; burning of newspaper shop, 791. - Warrenton Reporter, 768, 804.
- Washington, D. C., 31, 161, 183, 308, 766.
- Washington, George, 140, 141, 143, 145.
- Washington, John, 54.
- Washington, N. C., produce marketed in, 98; population, 114; free Negroes, 128, 599-600, 606; fire company, 134; John Bonner funeral, 147-48; public schools in, 277; Bible Society station, 417; Presbyterian Church, 436; laxity of slave discipline, 495; scare from runaways, 514; effect of news of Walker's Appeal, 516, 572-73; Guards, 516; mulatto reports slave plot, 519; case against slaves for boisterous conduct, 551; fever epidemic of 1843, 728-29; cholera, 731; newspapers, 767, 768.
- Washington Constitution, 792.
- Washington County, 69, 189, 238, 335, 694, 722.
- Washington Republican, 728-29.
- Washington Times, 768.
- Water supply, public pumps, 119-126; in Salem, 120, 136; town committees on, 126-27; municipal efforts, 135-36, 136n; in houses, 718.
- Watering places, 757. See Summer resorts.
- Watson, Elkanah, 13, 18, 82, 85-86, 120, 248-49.
- Watson, Thomas, 766.
- Watson, William, 693.
- Watterson, Henry, 791.
- Waxhaw camp meeting, 402, 407.
- Wayland, Francis, 463.
- Wayne County, 32-33, 265, 272, 356, 513, 599, 632, 681, 685, 694, 758.
- Waynesville, courthouse, 615.
- Wealth, scarcity of money, 15, 16, 81, 102n, 150; F. L. Olmsted on division, 22; per capita estimated, 58; and social status, 58-60. See Staples, Industries, Agriculture.
- Weapons, habit of wearing, 43n, 46, 47; Bowie knife, 48; in Surry County, 80; forbidden slaves, 498-99, 555; search of Negro houses for, 511; illegal to sell to slave, 555; free Negro must have license to carry, 601.
- Weather, effect on condition of poor, 697-98; effect on health, 721; effect of dry fall on malaria, 722.
- Weaver, Amos, 429.
- Webb, Dr. James, 685, 736.
- Webb, Randolph, 153-54.
- Webster, Daniel, 141.
- Wedding, parties, 158-59, 206; ceremony, 205-6; trips, 206-7; slave, 536, 548. See Marriage.
- Weekly Message, publication, 802.
- Weekly Post. See Southern Weekly Post.
- Weldon, trip on railroad described, 20-21; railroad, 24, 25; Odd Fellows, 101; ring tournament, 185.
- Wellborn, James, 181.
- Weller, Dr. S., 172.
- Welsh settlers, 8, 350.
- Wesley, Charles, 343.
- Wesley, John, 343.
- Wesleyan Methodist Church, organization, 347, 465; Crooks and McBride missionary work, 575; Crooks and McBride trial in Forsyth, 575-76; expulsion of missionaries from State, 577-78; expulsion of Daniel Worth from State, 579-81.
- Western Carolina Male Academy, 362.
- Western Carolinian, 20, 29, 35, 39, 87, 97, 160, 194-95, 215-16, 329, 508, 605, 661, 669, 755, 767-88 passim, 827.
- Western North Carolina Railroad Co., 25, 26.
- Weyberg, Samuel, 415.
- Whalen, Mary, 706.
- Whalen, Rebecca, 706.
- Wharton, John C., 312.
- Wheat, counties grown in, 5; as North Carolina staple, 53; replaces tobacco as crop, 482n; grown on Burgwyn plantations, 485-86.
- Wheeler, John H., 783, 819, 820.
- Wheeley's Baptist Meeting House, 432, 450-53, 538, 549.
- Whig party, barbecue, 149; Harrison campaign, 150; ladies, 249; Raleigh Register, 765; newspapers, 787; North Carolina party stronger than, 828-29.
- Whipping, for mayhem, 42; posts, 119, 679; as school punishment, 327-28, 330; as slave punishment, 493, 498; slave to death, 501, 503; for Negro preaching against law, 550; magistrate's court sentence limited to thirty-nine lashes, 619; as substitute punishment for clergyable felonies, 647; crimes punishable by, 648; under Revised Code, 653; opposition to, 661; approval of, 663; description, 679-80.
- Whitaker, Junius B., 773, 803.
- Whitaker, Prof. P., 159.
- White, Ann J., 534.
- White, David J., 534.
- White, Phillip S., 171.
- White, Philo, editor, 770, 774-75.
- White Pilgrim, Joseph Thomas, 366.
- White, William, postmaster, 29.
- White, Rt. Rev. William, organization of Protestant Episcopal Church, 334.
- White, William, Secretary of State, 250.
- White-collar workers, 57 and n, 58.
- Whitefield, George, 337, 376.
- Whithed, Jehu, 542.
- Whittlesey, Sarah, J. C., 801, 825, 826.
- Widow Ruby's Husband, 824.
- Wife beating, 241-42, 451.
- Wilbur-Gurney controversy, 357.
- Wiley, Calvin H., on class feeling, 79; quoted, 247, 312-14, 317; letter to, 273; as superintendent of common schools, 277-82, 284; on women's schools, 305; on textbooks, 315; efforts to raise school standards, 319-20, 321-23; North Carolina Journal of Education, 799; Southern Weekly Post, 799-800; North Carolina Reader, 822, 829; novels, 824-25.
- Wiley, Samuel H., 36.
- Wilkes County, 5, 181, 590, 591, 681.
- Wilkesboro, 353.
- Wilkings, Dr. William C., 45.
- Williams, Benjamin, quoted, 257, 260.
- Williams, Daniel, 571.
- Williams, Robert, Baptist, 337, 412.
- Williams, Robert, Methodist, 344, 410-11.
- Williams, Thomas H., 311, 329, 319.
- Williams Hotel, 159.
- Williamsboro, 166n; military school, 289; academy, 307; Episcopal church, 424; religious instruction of Negroes, 547.
- Williamsboro Female Academy, 307.
- Williamson, Hugh, 817.
- Williamson, James and Co., 473.
- Williamson, Dr. James E., 760.
- Williamston Library Association, 166n.
- Wills, James, 206, 781.
- Wills, William Henry, quoted, 91, 224.
- Wilmington, 5, 8, 11, 13, 20, 21, 22, 26, 32, 45, 146, 151, 170, 178, 245, 343, 348, 349;
ladies described, 16;
and Weldon railroad, 23, 24;
mail in 1853, 29-30;
society described, 62;
population, 114, 117;
as port, 115;
described, 121;
government, 124-25, 127;
free Negroes, 128, 599-600, 606;
street lights, 129;
streets paved, 132;
protection against fires, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136;
mud market, 139;
visits of noted persons, 141;
military companies, 141;
railroad celebration, 143;
Christmas in, 145;
lodge, 156;
St. James Church, 163n, 424;
women's benevolent societies, 163n, 266, 424-25;
reading room, 164;
Library, 166;
Mechanics Association, 174;
Thalian Association, 176-77;
ministrels perform, 179, 180;
gas lights, 233;
shops, 247;
Innes Academy, 265;
and public schools, 277;
Tate's Academy, 285;
military school, 289;
library association, 322;
Methodist Church, 344, 345, 430, 436;
St. Paul's Lutheran Church, 361;
Catholic church, 368; revival, 384; 390, 401; Bible Society station, 417; Jews, 429; Presbyterian Church lottery, 435; slave discipline, 495; scare from runaways, 514; conspiracy of 1831, 519-20, law permitting slaves to hire own time, 532; Negro Methodists, 541-42, 545, Negro Episcopal congregation, 547; Negro church clerk, 549; Kuner custom, 553; sale of three-cent-drinks on the wink, 559; newspaper quarrel, 566; re action against free Negroes, 578; planter leaves property to mulattoes, 592; carpenter on race mixing, 593; district court town, 622; contribution to poor of Europe, 698; Seamen's Friend Society, 701-2; drainage of swamps, 721-22; dysentery, 730; pneumonia and pleurisy, 733; Dr. Edwin Anderson, 745; newspapers, 764, 766. 767, 769; Journal, 772; Chronicle and Herald, 774; Democratic Free Press, 804; James Adams' printery, 814; Drane's Historical Notices, 816. - Wilmington Aurora, 566, 578.
- Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad Co., 24, 25, 143, 271n.
- Wilmington Chronicle, 565, 774.
- Wilmington Gazette, 764, 766.
- Wilmington Herald, 72n, 166, 770, 774.
- Wilmington Hotel, 141.
- Wilmington Journal, 145, 173, 474, 566, 772, 777, 778, 779, 780, 782, 785, 792, 793, 798, 800, 804, 807, 823-24.
- Wilmington Recorder, 563.
- Wilson, F. I., 34, 775.
- Wilson, Hugh, missionary, 411-12.
- Wilson, James L., 333, 334.
- Wilson, Jesse, 603.
- Wilson, Joseph, 594.
- Wilson, Colonel L. D., 688.
- Wilson, Lewis F., revivalist, 382.
- Wilson, Wesley D., 803.
- Wilson Springs, 188.
- Windsor, 510.
- Wingate, Washington Manly, 300.
- Winslow, John, 666.
- Winston, George Tayloe, 812-13.
- Winton, 510.
- Wirt, William, 817.
- Wit, "Cousin Sally Dillard," 772, 823; squibs, 791-92; discussed, 823-24.
- Witchcraft, discussed, 48-50, 91; bewitching cattle, 453; in practice of medicine, 754-55.
- Witherspoon, John, Princeton, 609.
- Wives, and divorces from bed and board, 218, 219, 222-23; duties of, 231-38; property rights, 238-41; legally subject to husband, 241-42; status compared to slave's, 242-43, 243n; extra-legal status, 243-44, advertisements for runaway, 245; as wage earner, 245-46; knowledge of family remedies, 752. See Women, Marriage.
- Wolstonecraft, Mary, 248.
- Woman's rights movement, effect of in North Carolina, 249-50, 258; effect on church work, 426; ultraism of the day, 458.
- Women, wage as domestics, 70, 83; ill-health, 80, 88, 230, 740, 741-42; dress of, 87-89; weaving of, 88; effect of dancing on, 157-58; employment in home, 194-95, 231-38; ideal, 208-9, 228-31, 248, 302; education, 228, 302-8, 343; church work, 228-29, 425-26; North and South, 230; legal status, 238-43, 243n; extra-legal status, 243-45, 258; as wage earner, 245-50; emancipation of, 248; in politics, 249-50, 249n; imprisonment for debt abolished, 656; charity work, 702-3; newspaper jibes about, 792; North Carolina Telegraph champions, 801; edit and set type of Weekly Message, 802. See Wives, Marriage.
- Women's Clubs, organization, 163-64, 163n; religious, 228-29, 425-26; charity, 702-3.
- Woodbourne plantation, 83; routine of labor, 479-80; slave health, 528-29; cash rewards for overtime work, 529.
- Woodfin, N. W., 89, 673.
- Woodlawn plantation, 726.
- Woodson, Obediah, 796.
- Woodward, Mrs., 745.
- Worth, Daniel, 347-48, 579, 580, 680.
- Wreck of Honor, The, play, 824.
- Wrestling, sport, 17, 109, 112, 254; condemned by church, 453.
- Wright, John, 767.
- Wrightsville, 188.
- Wynne, Robert H., 286.
- Yadkin and Catawba Journal, 768.
- Yadkin County, 5.
- Yadkinville, Disciples of Christ, 368.
- Yale University, 85, 286; graduates teach in North Carolina, 293; students go for medical training, 749.
- Yancey, Bartlett, 186-87, 270, 323, 626, 711.
- Yancey, William L., 45.
- Yancey County, 272, 342, 614, 632, 633, 634.
- Yapp, William J., 804.
- Yarborough, Edward, 177.
- Yates, Matthew T., 413.
- Yaws, 739 and n.
- Yellow fever, possible confusion with typhoid, 728; Washington epidemic of 1843, 728-29; Elizabeth City epidemic, 729.
- Yellow Jacket, collection of laws of 1752, 814.
- Yeomanry, 35, 36n, 70, 78, 318; of Virginia, 10; of colonial period, 16-17; and fighting, 42-43; number estimated, 58; discussed, 65-67; appeal to in politics, 75; recreation, 95, 180; work of women, 231, 238; work of children, 255; and religions, 331, 332; and Methodism, 344; attitude toward slavery, 561; chasm between educated classes and, 830.
- York, Brantley, 48-49, 50, 67, 71, 101, 300, 310, 311, 403, 822.
- Zinzendorf, Count, 120.
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