When we began to search for a replacement to Mr. Hannon who had been a
superintendent for something like 27 years, Dr. Speigner and I, who was
the other black member on the board—they had a black man on the board
for several years—we decided to search for some black applicants. I
didn't even know they had black superintendents but we were able to find
two or three and had them apply. As I look back on it now,
[Laughter] they weren't really seriously
considered. They let us have our little turn to promote these black
superintendents. There were six members on the board then, so we hardly
constituted the majority. They did select a young white man to come in
who proved to be a disaster. We found out later that he had been let out
from another county—although we didn't know this, I didn't know it at
the time—and they sort of took him in. He really was not a good
superintendent. Plus the fact that he did not seem to want to identify
himself with the black movement at all. He was hired in April, three
months before, to overlap with the superintendent who was going out July
1. In July we received an order from the district court to integrate.
Now we had been working on this, well, certainly for the two years I had
been on the Board and there had been some work done before that. But for
the whole two years that I had been on the Board this was a very
important part of the work. Too much time really was spent trying to get
this part going. Since 1954 there had been many stop-gap measures that
had been introduced. You mentioned the Pearsall Plan and that was one.
There were more than we had
Page 18 before but it was it
was a band aid solution to things. We were constantly working on it. A
suit had been filed here and the judge had ordered us to come up with a
plan. We were never able to formulate a plan, the reason being we could
never get a majority vote. We had several good plans, we thought. We got
the white woman on the Board who often voted with us. She was Mildred
Teer who was the wife of Dillard Teer, of the Nello Teer family, who
were very wealthy people. It's often been true that white women who were
independent and often very thoughtful could lead the way in things like
this. And she often voted with us, but that was still a tie
vote—three-three. Of course after the election they out the Board to
five so that you would not have that problem of a tie vote. It isn't a
good way anyhow. So we never got a plan going. I remember Mildred made
the motion to ask for an eight months delay, which I supported because I
thought if we could come up with a plan it would be better than having
one imposed on us. Unfortunately we still did not resolve that in the
eight months. That was about February or March when the eight months was
up and we still had no plan. By July an order had come down to integrate
immediately, which is of course what happens when you don't do it
yourself. If a community can't come up with a plan then the judge
superimposes one on you. Well, here we had this new superintendent who
had just come on board in April. The old superintendent had gone out in
July and I guess about two or three weeks after that he got the order to
integrate. Integrating in ten days is
[Laughter]
, is not the way to do it. But anyhow, we did it. We had to set
up strict
Page 19 quarters, we had very narrow parameters
in each school. In each neighborhood we found—and we had the real
neighborhood concept then because people lived in clusters—we had a
white and a black school very close together. The solution that we
finally arrived at was to pair these two schools, you see, and have one
do the lower grades and the other do the upper grades. Otherwise you
would have had even more cross-city, crossing [inaudible]
than you had. We also should mention at that time that the city system
was the prestige system, twenty-five to thirty years ago, and this is
true across the nation, not just in Durham. Your affluent, influential
people, black and white, lived in the city. I remember when we came here
the beautiful old Victorian mansions, people like the Hills and the
Carrs and the Watts and [inaudible]'s house is still left
there. There was a whole street of those and they were all around. Now
it's different. The demography has changed and the middle-class people
live out, so the inner city is a euphemism for poor and black. So we've
had a complete change in that period of time. My husband found the paper
in his files the other day from 1957 during the time he was chairman of
the education committee, in which they were attempting to integrate, but
the
city didn't want it. They didn't want the county
to come in. Now that has come reversed, the county doesn't want it.
Well, we got it done and we paired these schools in all of the sections,
which was an artificial stilted sort of thing to do. We had to get a
computer programmer to do these runs for us, to fit into the parameters,
to get so many white children into each school. Was not the best way to
do
Page 20 it, but we had to do it under court order.
The result was that the white people just simply faded away, gradually,
without any noise. They just disappeared, until the white enrollment
went down, down, down. After a certain point it begins to tip and then
it goes over faster because when white people find themselves in a
minority they don't seem to be able to deal with it, because they are a
majority in the United States. And of course even that is changing now.
This meeting I went to on Tuesday was talking about minorities together
will be the majority in the United States. But this follows the make-up
of the world. White people who are northern Europeans, white people as
we call them in this country, are really come from this little strip of
northern Europe, say from England up through Scandinavia, and are a
small minority in the world. But they don't perceive themselves this way
in America. So after it began to tip the families just almost
disappeared. We now have a census of about ninety percent black in the
city. I'm getting ahead of the story, though.
Dr. Brooks came in in '75 and was a new superintendent, was hit with this
court order and there was a lot of upheaval and a lot of things. Oh, and
you had the first election, had a new Board and so forth. It became very
evident from the start that he was not a competent superintendent,
number one, and that he did not believe in—when I say believe in, I mean
as black people do—in the ability of black children to achieve. He
wasn't dedicated to that. He himself lived in the county and sent his
children to county schools. I think that says a lot. I was not ready, at
the end of two years, to cancel
Page 21 his contract,
because there had been so many things going on. And then I think a
person deserves a chance. He needed to get to know us and to understand
us. Oh, I left out a very important point. During this election that
took place—had taken place in October—he came in in April, the court
order was in July, and he had a board election in October. All of this
within the same year.