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                    <hi rend="bold">Oral History Interview with William C. Friday, December 18,
                        1990. Interview L-0049. Southern Oral History Program Collection
                    (#4007):</hi> Electronic Edition. </title>
                <title type="descriptive">University of North Carolina President William C. Friday
                    Discusses his Professional Relationship with Anne Queen</title>
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                    <name id="fw" reg="Friday, William C." type="interviewee">Friday, William
                    C.</name>, interviewee </author>
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                        <title type="recording">Oral History Interview with William C. Friday,
                            December 18, 1990. Interview L-0049. Southern Oral History Program
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                        <title type="series">Series L. University of North Carolina. Southern Oral
                            History Program Collection (L-0049)</title>
                        <author>Cindy Cheatham</author>
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                        <date>18 December 1990</date>
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                        <title type="transcript">Oral History Interview with William C. Friday,
                            December 18, 1990. Interview L-0049. Southern Oral History Program
                            Collection (#4007)</title>
                        <title type="series">Series L. University of North Carolina. Southern Oral
                            History Program Collection (L-0049)</title>
                        <author>William C. Friday</author>
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                    <extent>15 p.</extent>
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                        <publisher>Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at
                            Chapel Hill</publisher>
                        <pubPlace>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</pubPlace>
                        <date>18 December 1990</date>
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                        <note anchored="no">Interview conducted on December 18, 1990, by Cindy
                            Cheatham; recorded in Unknown.</note>
                        <note anchored="no"> Transcribed by Jovita Flynn.</note>
                        <note anchored="no"> Forms part of: Southern Oral History Program Collection
                            (#4007): Series L. University of North Carolina, Manuscripts Department,
                            University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</note>
                        <note anchored="no">Original transcript on deposit at the Southern
                            Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina
                            at Chapel Hill.</note>
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        <front>
            <div1 type="about_interview">
                <head>Interview with William C. Friday, December 18, 1990. Interview L-0049.</head>
                <byline>Conducted by Cindy Cheatham</byline>
                <note type="deposit" anchored="no">
                    <p>Transcript on deposit at The Southern Historical Collection, The Louis Round
                        Wilson Library</p>
                </note>
                <note type="citation" anchored="no">
                    <p>Citation of this interview should be as follows: <lb/>“Interview
                        L-0049, in the Southern Oral History Program Collection #4007, <lb/>Southern
                        Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, <lb/>University of North Carolina
                        at Chapel Hill”</p>
                </note>
                <note type="copyright" anchored="no">Copyright © 2007 The University of
                    North Carolina</note>
                <note type="transcription_note" anchored="no"/>
            </div1>
            <div1 type="abstract">
                <head>Abstract</head>
                <p>William C. Friday served as the president of the University of North Carolina
                    from 1957 to 1986. During his tenure, he worked closely with Anne Queen. Trained
                    in seminary, Queen had become the associate director of the campus YWCA in 1956.
                    From 1964-1975, she served as director of the newly merged YMCA-YWCA. In this
                    interview, Friday discusses his professional relationship with Queen and
                    describes her leadership qualities. Friday emphasizes Queen's
                    relationship with University of North Carolina students, describing her as the
                    "den mother" of the student body. Friday explains that
                    students trusted Queen because she was a good listener and because she led by
                    example rather than by pontification. Friday describes how Queen's
                    leadership was particularly important as women became fully integrated into the
                    university system and as students participated in various protest movements
                    during the 1960s. In addition to describing Queen's role at the
                    University of North Carolina, Friday also briefly reflects on the tradition of
                    liberalism on campus, comparing his own presidency to that of Frank Porter
                    Graham in the 1930s and 1940s. </p>
            </div1>
            <div1 type="short_abstract">
                <head>Short Abstract</head>
                <p>Former President of the University of North Carolina, William C. Friday,
                    describes his working relationship with Anne Queen, who was director of the
                    campus YWCA and YMCA-YWCA from the late 1950s into the 1970s. Friday discusses
                    Queen's relationship with students and her leadership qualities.</p>
            </div1>
        </front>
        <body>
            <div1 id="L-0049" type="sohp_interview">
                <head>Interview with William C. Friday, December 18, 1990. <lb/>Interview L-0049.
                    Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)</head>
                <list type="simple">
                    <head>Interview Participants</head>
                    <item>
                        <name id="spk1" key="wf" reg="Friday, William C." type="interviewee">WILLIAM
                            C. FRIDAY</name>, interviewee</item>
                    <item>
                        <name id="spk2" key="cc" reg="Cheatham, Cindy" type="interviewer">CINDY
                            CHEATHAM</name>, interviewer</item>
                </list>
                <div2 id="tape1-a" n="1-A" type="tape_side">
                    <pb id="p1" n="1"/>
                    <head>[TAPE 1, SIDE A]</head>
                    <note anchored="yes">
                        <p>[START OF TAPE 1, SIDE A]</p>
                    </note>
                    <milestone n="6939" unit="empty" type="start" timestamp="00:00:00"/>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Well, I knew Anne Queen when she first came here. The President of the
                            University doesn't deal as directly with student
                            organizations as most people think because that's really the
                            job of the Chancellor. But having been a Dean of Students myself, I took
                            more than a casual interest and that's why I got to know her.
                            My wife, Ida, was on the board of the YWCA and in fact, was chairman, I
                            think, at one time and she helped to get people into the program. So, my
                            whole family has been involved with the Y program in Chapel Hill. Anne
                            Queen is what I would call "out of the mold" of Chapel
                            Hill. Let me explain what I mean by that. Having seen a lot of
                            universities all over the country in thirty-five years, you get to the
                            point where you wonder why there are such differences among these
                            institutions. They all teach, they all have research activities and they
                            all engage in public service. But what is it that makes it so different
                            when you say somebody's from Chapel Hill? or somebody is from
                            Madison or Ann Arbor or Austin or Berkeley? Those are the great public
                            universities in the country. I think it's this. I think that
                            young people, when they go through the experience at Chapel Hill get so
                            much more than this classroom and laboratory experience; that they learn
                            how to live in the world. They learn to get along with people. They
                            learn that compromise is the way to advance an idea, never giving it up,
                            but moving in a constant but gradual movement forward to achieve a
                            longer objective. Now the reason for that kind of process is that you
                            learn as you do. And I believe that the reason that <pb id="p2" n="2"/>
                            Chapel Hill conducted itself the way it did during the post Kent State
                            problems and the Viet Nam problems was because students here knew first,
                            that they could speak their mind. They knew that they could speak to
                            anybody they wanted to from the President on down. But they also knew
                            that when they were free to do these things, that they had to act
                            responsibly because there is no such thing as freedom without some sense
                            of obligation and responsibility. If you try to assume that, then
                            it's anarchy. People don't act within the context
                            of a democratic process. So, I believe that the difference in young
                            people who go through and really work at the experience of being a
                            student here gain so much more in the sense of maturity and judgment and
                            experience that they're ready to take on the world when they
                            leave here. You don't find this in every institution,
                            regrettably. Well, Anne Queen is one of those spirits. I used to tell
                            her she was den mother to the whole student body, if they wanted to come
                            to her house, you know, because her place stayed open all the time.
                            There was never a time when you couldn't go by there and find
                            students sitting and talking and arguing and debating. She was a
                            marvelous, and still is as far as that goes, a marvelous personality at
                            helping students think these things out, you see. It's one
                            thing to react emotionally to something because you feel it and believe
                            it, and that's good. But it's also the mark of an
                            educated person to have that sense of motivation, but to have the
                            capacity to reason and think all the way through it to a resolution or
                            solution. Well, that's what Anne did. She was a catalyst, she
                            was a stimulator, she was den <pb id="p3" n="3"/> mother, she cooked,
                            she sewed. She did all these things because her whole life was given to
                            young people. She got such enormous satisfaction out of it that I
                            don't believe she was ever tired. She was running full speed
                            from the moment she woke up in the morning until she put her head on the
                            pillow at night. I don't think she ever quit moving and
                            working and challenging and doing and serving, and you know, touching
                            the lives of people. I know of no time when she ever faltered and I knew
                            her pretty well. Our means of communication was always through the
                            telephone or by meeting each other and talking. We never worked in the
                            structured formality of the University because it was not possible. But
                            there was never a time when she ever doubted that she could pick up the
                            phone and say to me, "This is what we need to do," or
                            "This is where we need some help." And I would explain
                            to her what I could do or couldn't do. We were perfectly open
                            with each other and in that way she was a very valuable person to me. Of
                            course, I knew when I heard what she had to say that she was reflecting
                            the consensus from students. Any university administrator needs that,
                            you see, if he's really going to work with young people.
                            I'll put it another way around. Any chief administrative
                            officer who didn't develop that is throwing away one of the
                            greatest assets he could have. So she moved through all these years and
                            the lives of all of these people as a positive, challenging,
                            stimulating, motivating, spiritual force. In other words, she lived, in
                            my view, a very noble existence here. Never easy, always with stress.
                            But you see, the demarcation of people like Anne Queen is that they have
                                <pb id="p4" n="4"/> inner peace. They can take on all these
                            controversies because it doesn't upset them. They know what
                            they're dealing with. I'm sure the person she
                            loved the most and cared for the most was Dr. Frank Graham. He taught
                            her that and the rest of us, too. I consider myself as much a student of
                            his as Anne. Now, that was a generation at Chapel Hill that you
                            don't see today, regrettably, and I don't know
                            why. I don't think what I characterize as the experience or
                            the demarcation of a <gap reason="unknown"/> with this place, I think
                            that's still true. And I'm sure it's
                            because I'm not in touch. But I really believe what happens
                            here is of such force that it carries you with it. She had that
                            experience here and lived it to the fullest and is still doing it. I
                            keep getting notes from her all the time. She watches a little
                            television show I do and she's my resident mountain critic, I
                            call her. <note type="comment"> [Laughter] </note> But I think my
                            characterization of her as den mother to the student body is about as
                            encompassing as you can make it.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <milestone n="6939" unit="empty" type="stop" timestamp="00:07:59"/>
                    <milestone n="6824" unit="excerpt" type="start" timestamp="00:08:00"/>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Well, I wanted to ask you about that. I wanted to ask you a little bit
                            about the environment for women on campus while you served as President.
                            What was it like and how did Ann work with the women at this
                        University?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Well, you know, when I first came here, there was not open admissions for
                            women at all. Then when you ask Governor Sanford about this he, when he
                            was Governor, and I and a man named Dallas Herring down here who at that
                            time was head of the school system for the state, created what is known
                            as the Carlysle Commission. That work is really going to be a very <pb id="p5" n="5"/> profound item of history in this state when somebody
                            takes the time to evaluate it because out of that process came the
                            opening up of the University where all four year degree schools became
                            arts and sciences campuses. We opened up the admission of women. We
                            opened up UNC-G for the admission of men. We delimited the range of
                            doctoral training, projected the development of the community college
                            system, actually outlined the development of the University by taking in
                            the campuses at Charlotte and Wilmington and Asheville. All of this, you
                            see, in one particular report. Now, once it became true that the old
                            policies that were very restrictive for women were to go, you know who
                            jumped right in the middle with the emergence of that new idea. And that
                            was Anne. Now look at the result of it today. Women predominate in
                            enrollment here and this is true at N.C. State I found out. There are
                            more women now than males. But it's the new day. You make
                            these kinds of changes for many reasons. First, it's
                            economic. You couldn't afford to have big university plants
                            that weren't open to coeducation. Secondly, it is the way you
                            want to have the academic experience because that's the way
                            life is out there. You know, men and women, male and female; you work
                            that way every day of your life. So, why have such a sequestered
                            arrangement when you're reaching the years that are
                            important. One of the great skills that Anne Queen possesses is that she
                            never lost sight of where she's going. But she learned long
                            ago how to do that with grace and style so that even when you disagreed
                            with her you could never get angry because you knew that ultimately she
                            would wear you <pb id="p6" n="6"/> down. It had to happen. And wear you
                            down because the idea she had was right. It was the idea itself that she
                            finally saw through. And it was not a matter of resistance. It was just
                            a matter of how much can you achieve at one time in scheduling things
                            and programming things. But she was and is a person whose mind never
                            sleeps. She's just stirring up ideas all the time and
                            that's what you want around a university community. You
                            absolutely have to have an Anne Queen to work with young people.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <milestone n="6824" unit="excerpt" type="stop" timestamp="00:11:46"/>
                    <milestone n="6825" unit="excerpt" type="start" timestamp="00:11:47"/>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Can you comment a little bit on some specific incidents during the period
                            of upheaval when you were President? Were you President during the
                            sit-ins in the early 1960's? How did you see her role during
                            desegregation, Speaker Ban, food worker's strike and Viet
                            Nam?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>On all those issues you knew where Anne Queen stood philosophically. You
                            knew where she stood intellectually and most of all, where she stood
                            spiritually. It was never a question there. All you were doing in
                            working with Anne Queen was deciding how to get there, whether you had
                            to work in the context of ninety days or twelve months or two years. And
                            she learned and was wise in dealing with the very hard fact that a
                            public university has so many forces it has to deal with, you see,
                            unlike a private institution. The legislature, for example. Public
                            opinion en masse. Political rights, political lefts, male/female
                            arguments, abortion cases, all these kinds of things. You live in this
                            cauldron of controversy. So, when I said she is a person of inner peace,
                            you knew where she was going to be. You didn't have to debate
                            that part of it at all. You just said, <pb id="p7" n="7"/>
                            "Now, Anne, how can we move from A to B in your opinion as we
                            go down the road together?" She was a marvelous person. One of
                            her great skills was that she listens. You know, so many people want to
                            spend all their time talking. Anne is a listener and you get along a lot
                            faster when you develop that capacity, especially when you're
                            dealing with human beings in a sensitive situation such as a
                        university.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Can you comment specifically on what you can remember about her role with
                            the Chapel Hill human relations committee during the food
                            worker's strike negotiations? Can you recall?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>That's not something I know much about. I'd mislead
                            you. But I know she was a force. There's no doubt about
                        that.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Why do you think Anne was so effective with the students, in particular,
                            and also with the administration and in the community?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Everybody trusted her. You know, that's the key ingredient.
                            Trust. And they knew that she loved them. These were her children. Anne
                            played that role; not mother, but the listening post, confidante,
                            counselor. All these words fit her and that's what she
                        was.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>How do you believe that her unique background from the mountains
                            contributed to the way that she dealt with young people and also, the
                            administrators?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Have you ever known a mountain person that was impulsive? Never in your
                            life. Most of them are deliberate people. They are careful people and
                            they are people who know what adversity means. They use adversity to
                            grow. That's an <pb id="p8" n="8"/> important point because a
                            lot of people look for an excuse to quit trying and to quit doing. And
                            as one old friend of mine around here said one day, he said,
                            "You know, some people given a circumstance will grow in it.
                            Others will swell up." You know, when they are given a chance
                            to really lead. I don't think she ever entertained for a
                            moment any thought of selfish gain in anything. Anne Queen never set out
                            to be president. For anyone to even intimate that she would use a
                            situation for personal aggrandizement is about as foreign as it can be.
                            It's that sense that you had when you were in her presence.
                            She was not manipulating things. She was not wheeling and dealing with
                            another person's life. She was rock honest. Or as Chancellor
                            House used to say about another person here, she was plain distressingly
                            honest. <note type="comment"> [Laughter] </note> I've always
                            thought that was a great phrase.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>You talk about her inner peace. How is that translated and how did she
                            show that inner peace and that spiritual side of her to her
                        students?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Well, it was not a matter of wearing her religion on her sleeve. It was
                            just that you knew that here was somebody who you could sit down with
                            who would be as honest as they knew how to be, who would be as helpful
                            as they knew how to be, who would be as encouraging, stimulating, and
                            truthful. She'd tell you when you were wrong, but not in any
                            mean way. That's my point. You don't find many
                            people like this lady. But when you do, the tendency is to overwork them
                            because you want to do so much. I don't know what
                            Anne's stress points were, but my guess is that <pb id="p9" n="9"/> she had a tendency to do just that; to push herself to the
                            extreme limit at times, wearing herself out in service. We all have our
                            faults, we all have our ways of doing things that irritate some people.
                            I hope not many. But that's just who we are. This is coming
                            around to the other point about her. She accepted you as you are. She
                            didn't try to remake you overnight. She didn't
                            lecture you about anything that you were doing that she knew to be
                            questionable. She would show you by example.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <milestone n="6825" unit="excerpt" type="stop" timestamp="00:18:37"/>
                    <milestone n="6940" unit="empty" type="start" timestamp="00:18:38"/>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Great. If you would use one phrase or several phrases, however you would
                            like to put it, to tell us why Anne Queen is so admired by so many from
                            so many areas around the University community and beyond, how would you
                            summarize that up?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Well, you can't use one word to embrace a light like that. I
                            like to feel that the real measurement of anyone's life is
                            whether or not you've made a useful difference. That is, the
                            fact that I was here, lived these years, worked at this job and am now
                            gone, did it make any difference? In her case, all that
                            you've heard is a testimony of the affirmation that she did.
                            Now, why do you make a difference? Because you're useful. You
                            teach by being and doing. And you work at what you want to do. In other
                            words, to sit around and talk philosophy and religion and fate is one
                            thing, but to talk it and then go do it is another thing. She was always
                            the person that put action behind words. Now there were conservative
                            people that didn't agree with her, didn't approve
                            of her, criticized her. But no one ever questioned that principle about
                            her and they never would.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <pb id="p10" n="10"/>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Can you backtrack just a bit and if you were to describe just the
                            environment of upheaval while you were University President, how would
                            you describe that within the student body and within the community?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>What happened here was in lots of ways was a reflection of what was going
                            on all over the country. Yes, there was student unrest, student anxiety,
                            student concern and you would hope that the day would never come in a
                            university where that would not be the case because if it
                            isn't a vigorous, volatile, debating, challenging kind of
                            atmosphere around here, I think you're a dead institution.
                            You might go through the rote of teaching, the regiment of it, but you
                            don't educate. It's a cyclical kind of thing. You
                            go through a period of years like that and then everybody is just so
                            weary of the whole business, you begin to hear words, "Well,
                            this is the conformist generation. They are not going to challenge
                            anybody. They aren't going to upset the boat. All they want
                            to do is make money." You remember your contemporaries two
                            years ago? Well, now it's changing again. You
                            wouldn't be sitting here if it weren't changing.
                            Look around you. The Peace Corps is coming alive again. There are so
                            many things where young people have said, "No, it
                            isn't making money." You have to make a decent
                            living to provide for yourself and your family, but to be obsessed with
                            it, to have greed as the consummate aim in life is to have no life at
                            all. And that's the cycle that maybe I'm wishfully
                            thinking, but I don't believe it. I think enough of you are
                            saying, "This isn't the way the world is going to
                            be." <pb id="p11" n="11"/> you have got to get along with the
                            German and the Japanese, the Chinese, the Indonesian and the Afrikaaner.
                            You've got to know these people. You've got to
                            know what kind of world you're going to have. You
                            don't do that by sitting over here in the corner. You do that
                            by working at it and making mistakes and growing out of it.
                            That's who she was. Somewhere, and I don't know
                            where, somewhere back here in her life, early on, that happened to her.
                            It's just as clear to me. I've seen thousands of
                            people here in my thirty years here and you get to know certain things
                            about character and personality traits and motivation and every once in
                            while somebody comes across your vision like Anne Queen and you just
                            say, "Gosh, if you had thirty of them, you could turn the place
                            upside down." I don't know if you could survive
                            thirty of them, but it would be worth a try. But she came along in years
                            that the personality that she was, the experience that she was all came
                            in full flower. She was a necessary person. And lots of people would
                            tell you circumstances create these personalities. You find yourself
                            thrown into a particular thing and you hope you've got within
                            you the character and the integrity and the drive and the energy and the
                            commitment that you'll take hold of whatever the situation is
                            and deal with it. I think time and circumstance and personality
                            coincide. I know Anne wouldn't be very happy in a collegiate
                            atmosphere that was motivated by qualifying myself only to make money.
                            Now she'd rail against it, but I don't think
                            she'd find many wanting to join her. In those years,
                            everybody was getting into something. Very few people didn't
                            have an opinion. It was a very <pb id="p12" n="12"/> stimulating
                            experience, but also one that drained you completely. Because people
                            like Anne, you see, and anybody in the administrative structure,
                            wouldn't be here if they weren't sensitive to
                            young people. You are always trying so hard to help, you see, and
                            understand why a decision has to be made a certain way. Because the
                            tendency at that stage of our lives is to do everything in black or
                            white. It's yes or no. There is no middle ground.
                            That's the way she worked. As you can see, I have great
                            affection for her.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>I just have a few more questions. You are making references to her
                            knowledge of the University environment and the realities of the
                            pressures from the legislature and being a public University. Can you
                            comment on how she was able to dispel some of the violence that was
                            possibly growing within the students that she worked with and the
                            potential radicalism that could have come about at this University.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Just be being who she was. You know, when somebody who is that
                            personality type walks into a meeting and just stands there and
                            doesn't say anything, it quiets it down. And she was not
                            afraid to take home people who had not the pure motive, but the motive
                            of radicalism. And she could see it. You see, she had discerning
                            capabilities. And they were there. Don't let them mislead
                            you. We had all kinds of people who were speaking up and some who were
                            really trying to use the situation. Very few, but people do that to you,
                            you know.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <milestone n="6940" unit="empty" type="stop" timestamp="00:27:02"/>
                    <milestone n="6826" unit="excerpt" type="start" timestamp="00:27:03"/>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>There's been a lot of criticism that the liberal community in
                            Chapel Hill was living on its legacy of liberals <pb id="p13" n="13"/>
                            such as Frank Porter Graham and Howard Odum and Carl Green. How would
                            you comment on that on that criticism?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>I would first ask who is making the criticism and see where they stood,
                            you know. There's a famous old dictum, "You never
                            know what the chief thinks till you stand in the chief's
                            moccasins." There's a lot in that. The difference
                            today and the difference in the years that Dr. Graham was here, and I
                            worked with him, so I can speak with some experience, is the television
                            cameras here and there are people crawling all over you for interviews
                            and all this. He didn't have that experience. You live on the
                            front page or on the television screen and there isn't that
                            much news every day. But if there isn't something there
                            they'll go out and try to create an incident, you know.
                            You've seen this happen. No, that's an unfair
                            allegation. Tell me which is the freest university in the state today.
                            Tell me which University didn't violate the law during all of
                            those crises. That was Frank Graham's number one principle.
                            Frank Graham never advocated the integration of the University until the
                            law said so. He was a great respecter of the legal process, the sanctity
                            of the law, and that was precisely the position that I took. I talked to
                            him and I understood what he wanted. His great liberalism came from his
                            personal actions in trying to get the human heart to understand that all
                            men, meaning all men and women of all races, sat down together. That was
                            his whole strategy. I've had people ask me, "What
                            did I look back upon as the most important thing I ever did?"
                            Not that anything I ever did was important, but I would say the first
                            thing with me was to <pb id="p14" n="14"/> keep the University free. The
                            Speaker Ban law was put upon us under outrageous circumstances, you
                            know. They suspended the rules. There were no hearings. We
                            weren't given notice. They jammed the thing through. We tried
                            one process. We couldn't get it reversed, so we went to the
                            courts and it was done. No man has the right to ask you to disobey the
                            law. That's the reason you go that route. And I happen to be
                            a lawyer, so I naturally think that way.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <milestone n="6826" unit="excerpt" type="stop" timestamp="00:30:07"/>
                    <milestone n="6941" unit="empty" type="start" timestamp="00:30:08"/>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Do you have any closing comments you'd like to make on things
                            we perhaps haven't touched today about the Campus Y, perhaps
                            or what Anne has left this University?</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Let me put it this way. The great need in society today is for people who
                            think in terms of why people, individuals, every one of us is entitled
                            to certain fundamental things; the right of an education, to live freely
                            and without fear, the right of protection of personal privacy. When you
                            assert that and take that stand, you are also saying that
                            "I'll take my share of the responsibility to
                            maintain that as a democratic society, as a free community."
                            That process begins in the home, in the schools and in the community,
                            then the state and now our country. This is why the Anne Queens of the
                            world are so important. They understand that. They work very hard to see
                            to it that you understand it. Now, you'll do it in a way that
                            will be different from this person or that person or the next person,
                            but all four of you will be thinking in the same general direction.
                            That's what her mission was and I believe it very deeply and
                            I like to be associated with it. That's what I tried <pb id="p15" n="15"/> to do when I was here. The important thing is that
                            it's a never ending struggle; not that there's a
                            devil out there to be overcome, but when you make this change, then
                            there's another one that's better. Then you just
                            keep moving, keep moving, keep moving. In my lifetime, I can count off
                            for you, there was no television when I was a boy, there were no jet
                            aircraft, there was no space exploration, there were no sulfa drugs and
                            all these things. Well, when you're my age, you'll
                            look back and say there were no this and this and this. I left here this
                            morning and had lunch in Brussels and am back home tonight in my bed.
                            You travel five thousand miles an hour or whatever you're
                            going to do. All these things, you see. But what you don't
                            lose sight of is that all those things are true and wonderful.
                            It's what's happening to you that you care about
                            and therefore, what you do will be of use for America. That's
                            the lesson she tried to teach in my view.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk2">
                        <speaker n="2">CINDY CHEATHAM:</speaker>
                        <p>Great. Thank you so much for your time today.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <sp who="spk1">
                        <speaker n="1">WILLIAM C. FRIDAY:</speaker>
                        <p>Thank you. Very nice to see you, Miss Cheatham. Have a happy holiday.</p>
                    </sp>
                    <p>
                        <note anchored="yes">
                            <p>END OF INTERVIEW</p>
                        </note>
                    </p>
                    <milestone n="6941" unit="empty" type="stop" timestamp="00:41:55"/>
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