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oral histories of the American South
Environmental Transformations in North Carolina

For our pilot project, historians from the Southern Oral History Program selected 21 interviews that focus on environmental across the state of North Carolina. These oral history interviews are the stories by real people and participants in important recent events throughout the state. Individually, they offer an intimate description of the interviewee's experience; collectively they tell the s tory of a transformation of life in North Carolina.

In one set of interviews, lifelong residents of mountain communities share their concerns about, and hopes for, a new corridor of Interstate 26 that was then being constructed in their area. This section of highway, completed in 2003, stretches through Madison County, North Carolina to the Tennessee state line.

In another group of oral histories, residents and officials discuss plans for the Cane Creek reservoir. This controversial project spawned a divisive debate and pitted farmers against the Orange County Water and Sewer Authority (OWASA) in a battle over land rights and the fate of rural farming. The debate wore on for over a decade before it officially ended with the reservoir's completion in 1989.

Finally, in an especially moving group of interviews, Hurricane Floyd victims in the eastern part of North Carolina share their stories of loss and survival after the flood that came in the storm's aftermath.

1.
Taylor Barnhill, November 29, 2000. Interview K-0245.
The Fragmentation of a Rural North Carolina Community: Taylor Barnhill, an environmental activist concerned about the effects of development on communities, describes his rural childhood and its impact on his adult life.
Interviewee: Taylor Barnhill    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 01:32:46     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 13 excerpts.
2.
Billy Ray Hall, January 20, 2000. Interview K-0509.
North Carolinians Respond to Hurrican Floyd and Its Aftermath: Billy Ray Hall, president of the Rural Economic Development Center, discusses the scope, environment and financial, of the flood damage in eastern North Carolina.
Interviewee: Billy Ray Hall    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Charles Thompson
Duration: 00:45:25     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.
3.
Steve Holland, December 16, 1999. Interview K-0510.
A Businessman's Perspective on Hurricane Floyd: Steve Holland, a Republican county commissioner and businessman in Pender County, N.C., describes the personal and bureaucratic struggles he faced the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Steve Holland    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:55:35     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 21 excerpts.
4.
Thomas and Elberta Hudson, December 18, 1999. Interview K-0283.
A Religious Perspective on Hurricane Floyd: The Hudsons explain that although God used the Floyd flood to warn against materialism, He helped many escape the floodwaters and oversaw astonishing generosity afterward.
Interviewee: Thomas Samuel Hudson, Elberta Pugh-Hudson    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Rob Amberg, Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:21:07     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 15 excerpts.
5.
Edward S. Johnson, October 28, 1985. Interview K-0012.
The Cane Creek Controversy: Edward S. Johnson describes the emergence of a coherent grassroots opposition to the Cane Creek Reservoir project and describes how the opposition worked.
Interviewee: Edward S. Johnson    Interviewer: Patricia E. Sloan
Duration: 02:11:11     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.
6.
Larry and Betty Kelley, December 9, 1999. Interview K-0511.
The Decline of Farming in Eastern North Carolina: Larry Kelley shares the details of a lifetime of farming and other rural work while discussing the hardships he and others faced in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Larry Kelley, Betty Kelley    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Rob Amberg, Charles Thompson
Duration: 02:07:54     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 14 excerpts.
7.
Bert Pickett, December 18, 1999. Interview K-0285.
The Devastation of Hurricane Floyd: Pentecostal pastor Bert Pickett provides a compelling description of the despair that accompanied Hurricane Floyd's devastation.
Interviewee: Bert Pickett    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:00:08     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 13 excerpts.
8.
Mattie Bell, Earl, Artis and Thomas Cavenaugh and Betsy Easter, December 7, 1999. Interview K-0282.
Confusion, Fear, and Recovery: A Mother and Daughter Face the Flood: Earl and Mattie Bell Cavanaugh, both over 80, express concern with the erosion of more values and discuss their frustrations with the government after Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Betsy Easter, Earl Cavenaugh, Mattie Bell Cavenaugh, Artis Cavenaugh,
Thomas Cavenaugh
Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Rob Amberg, Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:34:03     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.
9.
Raymond, Eunice, Wayne, and Charles Russell English, December 8, 1999. Interview K-0280.
A Community Succeeds Where Governments Fail: Raymond and Eunice English, along with their son and nephew, worry that Hurricane Floyd may have irreparably crippled the aging Duplin County, N.C., farming community.
Interviewee: Raymond English, Eunice English, Charles Russell English, Wayne English
Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Rob Amberg, Charles Thompson
Duration: 02:49:38     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 26 excerpts.
10.
Darhyl Boone, December 5, 2000. Interview K-0246.
Managing Mars Hill: Mars Hill, N.C., town manager Darhyl Boone fondly remembers his childhood in Madison County but worries that small-town values are being eroded by development.
Interviewee: Darhyl Boone    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 02:02:07     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 15 excerpts.
11.
Renee and Ashley Lee, December 19, 1999. Interview K-0284.
A Mother and Her Daughter Face the Flood: Renee and Ashley Lee reminisce about life in White Stocking, N.C., and express frustration with the government's sluggish and bureaucracy-laden relief effort.
Interviewee: Renee Lee, Ashley Lee    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Rob Amberg
Duration: 01:31:07     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.
12.
Jerry Plemmons, November 10, 2000. Interview K-0506.
The Road to Change: Development in Madison County, NC: Jerry Lee Plemmons, a lifetime Madison County resident and energy conservation consultant, discusses the influence of development, particularly highway construction, on Marshall, NC.
Interviewee: Jerry Plemmons    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 01:34:25     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.
13.
Richard Lee Hoffman Jr., November 8, 2000. Interview K-0505.
Fading Rural Life in Madison County: In this interview, Richard Lee Hoffman Jr., a real estate broker in Mars Hill, N.C., describes his response to the growth ushered in by the construction of the I-26 corridor.
Interviewee: Richard Lee Hoffman    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 01:34:29     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.
14.
Raymond Rapp, November 17, 2000. Interview K-0253.
Managing Growth in Mars Hill: Mars Hill, N.C., mayor Raymond Rapp outlines his vision for planned development and discusses how to find balance between the desire for a small-town feel and a big-town economy.
Interviewee: Raymond Rapp    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 01:34:24     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 16 excerpts.
15.
Stan Hyatt, November 30, 2000. Interview K-0249.
An Insider's Look at the I-26 Corridor: Stan Hyatt, the Department of Transportations resident engineer on the I-26 project, misses the past but sees the corridor as a cure for Madison County's economic ills.
Interviewee: Stan Hyatt    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 02:20:51     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 16 excerpts.
16.
Bobby Kirk, October 28, 1985. Interview K-0013.
A Farmer Responds to the Cane Creek Reservoir: A Farmer Responds to the Cane Creek Reservoir
Interviewee: Bobby Kirk    Interviewer: K. Campbell
Duration: 01:08:28     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.
17.
Dr. Daniel Okun, October 22, 1985. Interview K-0021.
A Water Expert Supports the Cane Creek Reservoir: Daniel Okun, a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel at the time of the interview, lays out the case for creating the Cane Creek reservoir.
Interviewee: Daniel Okun    Interviewer: Laura Drey
Duration: 01:03:22     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.
18.
Joe Herzenberg, November 18, 1985. Interview K-0008.
A Voice for the Cane Creek Reservoir: Joe Herzenberg, a Chapel Hill politico, voices his support for the Cane Creek reservoir project.
Interviewee: Joseph Herzenberg    Interviewer: Mary L. Dexter
Duration: 01:35:31     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.
19.
Aaron and Jenny Cavenaugh, December 8, 1999. Interview K-0281.
Rebuilding Alone: Facing the Flood with Little Help: Aaron and Jenny Cavenaugh, long-time Duplin County, N.C., residents, lost their antiques business and turkey farm in the flooding that accompanied Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Aaron Cavenaugh, Jenny Cavenaugh    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:26:24     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 14 excerpts.
20.
Johnnie and Kathleen Bratten, January 15, 2000. Interview K-0508.
In the Absence of Government Help, Churches Step In: Johnnie and Kathleen Bratten describe the extent to which church groups and other volunteers helped them after their home was destroyed in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Johnnie Bratten, Kathleen Bratten    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Charles Thompson
Duration: 00:50:07     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.
21.
Bernice Cavenaugh and Betsy Easter, December 8, 1999. Interview K-0279.
Confusion, Fear, and Recovery: A Mother and Daughter Face the Flood: Earl and Mattie Bell Cavanaugh, both over 80, express concern with the erosion of more values and discuss their frustrations with the government after Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Bernice Cavenaugh, Betsy Easter    Interviewer: Charles Thompson, Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:34:03     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.
22.
Sam Crawford, October 26, 1985. Interview K-0006.
Local Activist Describes the Formation and Activities of the Cane Creek Conservation Authority: Sam Crawford describes the formation and activities of the Cane Creek Conservation Authority in their battle against the Orange Water and Sewer Authority's effort to build a reservoir on Cane Creek in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He focuses on the grassroots nature of the CCCA's actions and offers commentary about what he views as the exploitative nature of land development.
Interviewee: Sam Crawford    Interviewer: Judith Wheeler
Duration: 02:05:20     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.
23.
Richard H. Moore, August 2, 2002. Interview K-0598.
The Impact of Hurricane Floyd on North Carolina and the State's Response: North Carolina State Treasurer and former Secretary of Crime Control and Public Safety Richard Moore describes the impact of Hurricane Floyd (1999) and the state government's response to the crisis. Moore describes the evolution of the Division of Emergency Management during his term and what he sees as its increasing effectiveness in responding to natural disasters.
Interviewee: Richard Moore    Interviewer: Leda Hartman
Duration: 00:56:47     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.
24.
Florence Dillahunt, May 31, 2001. Interview K-0580.
A North Carolina Tobacco Farmer Describes the Impact of Hurricane Floyd: Florence Dillahunt describes growing up on a small tobacco farm near Grifton, North Carolina, during the 1930s and 1940s. Dillahunt's family were victims of the extensive flooding that Hurricane Floyd brought to eastern North Carolina in 1999. She describes the devastating impact on their farm and their personal lives.
Interviewee: Florence Dillahunt    Interviewer: Leda Hartman
Duration: 00:58:02     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.
25.
Edith Warren, August 28, 2002. Interview K-0601.
Facing Flooding: Pitt County after Hurricane Floyd: State congresswoman Edith Warren describes the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd in Pitt County, North Carolina.
Interviewee: Edith Warren    Interviewer: Leda Hartman
Duration: 01:07:08     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.
26.
Leslie Thorbs, May 30, 2001. Interview K-0589.
A North Carolinian Describes Tenant Farming, Family Life, and the Devastation of Hurricane Floyd: Leslie Thorbs describes growing up in a tenant farming family in DuPont, North Carolina, during the 1920s and 1930s. Thorbs describes his experiences with poverty, farming, factory work, race relations, and family life. He concludes the interview by discussing the devastating impact of Hurricane Floyd's flooding on his family and his community.
Interviewee: Leslie Thorbs    Interviewer: Leda Hartman
Duration: 01:04:04     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.
27.
James (Jim) Connor, December 19, 1999. Interview K-0818.
A Hog Farmer and an Environmentalist: Hog farmer James Connor describes the impact of Hurricane Floyd and the details of his business, and emphasizes his concern for the environment.
Interviewee: James (Jim) Connor    Interviewer: Charles Thompson
Duration: 01:38:04     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.
28.
Charles D. Thompson, October 15, 1990. Interview K-0810.
North Carolina Farmer Recounts His Career in Agriculture: Charles D. Thompson describes his career as a small farmer in North Carolina. Though he found financial success in farming, he was not able to recapture the feel of the farming community of his youth.
Interviewee: Charles D. Thompson    Interviewer: Jun Wang
Duration: 01:02:19     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.
29.
Clyda Coward and Debra Coward, May 30, 2001. Interview K-0833.
A Distant Past and an Uncertain Future: Tick Bite, NC, before and after Hurricane Floyd: Clyda Coward, joined by her daughter Debra and other family members, reflects on her childhood in rural North Carolina and the state of the small community of Tick Bite in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.
Interviewee: Clyda Coward, Debra Coward    Interviewer: Leda Hartman
Duration: 01:21:19     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.
30.
Dorothy Royster Burwell, May 29, 1996. Interview Q-0011.
The Water Comes to Sudan, VA: A Government Dam Washes Away a Small Community: Dorothy Royster Burwell describes her family history and remembers the devastating effect of "the water," in the form of a government-built lake, that wiped away her community of Sudan, Virginia.
Interviewee: Dorothy Royster Burwell    Interviewer: Eddie McCoy
Duration: 00:46:44     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 3 excerpts.
31.
J. D. Thomas and Lela Rigsby Thomas, November 14, 2000. Interview K-0507.
Change Comes to Sprinkle Creek: Growth and Development in a Rural Community: J.D. Thomas and his wife, Lela Rigsby Thomas, remember the Madison County, North Carolina, of their youth and describe the changes that have transformed the area since then.
Interviewee: J. D. Thomas, Lela Rigsby Thomas    Interviewer: Rob Amberg
Duration: 01:34:00     Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.