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                    <hi rend="bold">Letter from James Phillips to Charles Manly, June 28,
                    1834:</hi> Electronic Edition.</title>
                <author> Phillips, James, 1792-1867</author>
                <funder>Funding from the University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel
                    Hill supported the electronic publication of this title.</funder>
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                <publisher>The University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill </publisher>
                <pubPlace>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</pubPlace>
                <date>2005</date>
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                        <title type="collection">University of North Carolina Papers (#40005),
                            University Archives, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</title>
                        <title type="document">Letter from James Phillips to Charles Manly, June
                            28, 1834</title>
                        <author>James Phillips</author>
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                        <date value="1834-06-28">1834</date>
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            <div1 type="official letter">
                <pb id="unc04-22-p01" n="1"/>
                <head>Letter from <name key="pn0001360" reg="Phillips, James" type="person" rend="yes">James
                        Phillips</name> to <name key="pn0001074" reg="Manly, Charles" type="person" rend="yes">Charles Manly</name>, June 28, 1834</head>
                <div2 type="official letter">
                    <opener>
                        <dateline>
                            <date>June 28th 1834</date>
                        </dateline>
                        <salute>Sir,</salute>
                    </opener>
                    <p>In compliance with the resolution passed by the Honorable <name key="name0000107" reg="Board of Trustees" type="organization">Board of
                            Trustees</name> on the 26<hi rend="sup">th</hi> of June, I beg to lay
                        before you the following divisions of labour to be performed by the
                        Professors and Tutors.</p>
                    <p>
                        <table rows="7" cols="2">
                            <row>
                                <cell>
                                    <name key="pn0000268" reg="Caldwell, Joseph" type="person" rend="yes">Dr.
                                        Caldwell</name>
                                </cell>
                                <cell>3</cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell>
                                    <name key="pn0000033" reg="Anderson, Walker" type="person" rend="yes">Prof.
                                        Anderson</name>
                                </cell>
                                <cell>6</cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell>
                                    <name key="pn0001194" reg="Mitchell, Elisha" type="person" rend="yes">Prof.
                                        Mitchell</name>
                                </cell>
                                <cell>8</cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell>
                                    <name key="pn0000783" reg="Hooper, William (b. 1792)" type="person" rend="yes">Prof. Hooper</name>
                                </cell>
                                <cell>8</cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell>
                                    <name key="pn0001360" reg="Phillips, James" type="person">Prof.
                                        Phillips</name>
                                </cell>
                                <cell>8</cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell>3 Tutors 9 each</cell>
                                <cell>27</cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell>Total</cell>
                                <cell>60</cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>
                    </p>
                    <p>This statement, it will be seen, differs from <name key="pn0000268" reg="Caldwell, Joseph" type="person">D<hi rend="sup">r</hi>
                            Caldwell's</name> only in assigning 8 instead of 7 to <name key="pn0000783" reg="Hooper, William (b. 1792)" type="person">W<hi rend="sup">m</hi>
                            Hooper</name>, who is perfectly willing to take with his colleagues an
                            <hi rend="underscore">equal</hi> share of labor whatever that may
                    be.</p>
                </div2>
                <div2 type="official letter">
                    <p>I avail myself of the present opportunity of making the following statement
                        for the information of the <name key="name0000107" reg="Board of Trustees" type="organization" rend="yes">Board</name>, and hope that the facts which it
                        discloses may be found of sufficient importance to render any apology
                        unnecessary. I have been devoted to the business of instruction for the last
                        25 years, the last eight of which have been spent at <name key="name0000165" reg="Chapel Hill, NC" type="place" rend="yes">Chapel Hill</name>, and tho' I have
                        met with many discouragements from the waywardness and incapacity of
                        individuals, yet I cannot recollect a <hi rend="underscore">single</hi> case
                        of an entire failure. It is therefore with no little mortification that
                        after an impartial review of what has been affected here I am compelled to
                        say I have utterly failed of my object, the extremely meager minorities of
                        the successful students being a confirmation of my assertion. The causes
                        which have operated to produce this result one no doubt various and some
                        perhaps beyond our control; but it is believed however that some may be
                        traced to the following sources. 1. The imperfect, superficial and
                        inaccurate methods adopted by too many teachers of the elements of
                        Arithmetic &amp; Algebra in our schools, the consequences of which are
                        lamentably injurious, as they are felt thro' the entire collegiate course of
                        study, <gap reason="[unrecovered]"/> produce results humiliating to the
                        Professor and affecting the credit of the Institution. 2. The inexperience
                        and incompetency of our Tutors, to whom the instruction generally of the two
                        inferior classes has been committed. 3. The estimation in which the
                        mathematical sciences are held not only here but too generally the state.
                        Little progress can be expected to be made by those who, blinded by
                        ignorance and prejudice, have constituted themselves judges of what is and
                        what is not adapted to train the mind to vigorous exertion to develope the
                        intellectual faculties, and to prepare for profound meditation and accurate
                        discussions. 4. An obstinate determination on the part of some to do as
                        little as possible, and to consider<pb id="unc04-22-p02" n="2"/>the time
                        allotted to preparation better employed in wading thro' trashy productions
                        or consuming it in enervating indolence. It is presumed that the withholding
                        of the usual collegiate honors from all such would check this growing evil.
                        5. The present mode of examination is not sufficiently regarded as a test of
                        scholarship, nor does it afford to the examiner any means of comparing with
                        precision the students with each other. The time necessary for this purpose
                        on the present plan is too short. The multitude and variety of questions
                        necessarily proposed by the examiner in a very short interval of time is
                        embarrassing. To these may be added the effects resulting from timidity in
                        oral examinations. I would therefore respectfully propose to substitute, for
                        the present mode, an examination in writing, which gives the student more
                        time to collect his ideas, diminishes the disadvantages of timidity, and
                        while, being simultaneous for all, allows us to propose the same questions
                        to each and renders the replies more easy to be compared. I think the
                        attention is more easily arrested by the eye than the ear; that the student
                        finds it often necessary either to recal analytical artifices, or intricate
                        constructions which are not always readily presented to the mind especially
                        in a state of embarrassment. To regain what is entirely lost is to invent,
                        and we cannot do in an instant what has often cost an abler person much
                        labour in the silence of his study. Perhaps shorter intervals between the
                        periods of examinations would have a happy effect; but I am not prepared to
                        recommend at present any further alteration.</p>
                    <p>As a proposition has been made to raise the standards of education higher, by
                        demanding the matriculate an acquaintance with Algebra, and introducing new
                        subjects of instruction into our course, I beg to present the following
                        remarks.</p>
                    <p>That system of education which embraces the synthetic to the exclusion of the
                        analytical mode of mathematical instruction is essentially defective. First,
                        because the analytic being more concise it admits of the introduction of a
                        greater amount and variety of information in a given time. Secondly, it is
                        more uniform, general and comprehensive. There is a very great similarity in
                        all analytical processes; all are conducted by the same general rules, and
                        commonly lead to universal results, whence particular consequences are
                        deducible at pleasure. Thirdly, it is the easiest. Its processes are simple,
                        its necessary modifications natural and obvious, and its operation being
                        general and elements few, it imposes no unnecessary load to the memory. <name key="pn0003260" reg="Lacroix, Sylvestre François" type="person" rend="yes">La
                        Croix</name> advises us "always to choose the most general
                        methods" and <name key="pn0003261" reg="Laplace, Pierre-Simon" type="person" rend="yes">La Place</name> in the "Journal des
                        Séances de l' Ećole Normal" says,
                            "<foreign lang="fre">Próférez dans
                            l'énseignment les méthods
                            générales, attachez-vous à les
                            présenter de la manière la plus simple, et vous
                            verrez au même temps qu'elles soul presque toujours les plus
                            faciles.</foreign>" Fourthly, the best treatises on Statics,
                        Dynamics, and Physical Astronomy abound with analytical<pb id="unc04-22-p03" n="3"/>formula which would be unintelligible to those who had not formed
                        a previous acquaintance with analysis. There is no doubt amongst those who
                        have gone a little below the surface, that the
                        "Mécanique analytique" and the
                        "Mécanique céleste" are the true
                        sources from which we can acquire a complete and methodical knowledge of all
                        the properties of the equilibrium and motion of bodies, and therefore it is
                        important that the student understand the analytical method. Fifthly and
                        lastly, it has a direct tendency to communicate a habit of investigation and
                        compels the student to think for himself. If it be objected that our present
                        course has been found to present insurmountable difficulties to the majority
                        of the members of the different classes, and that a reduction rather than an
                        elevation of our standard seems to be demanded; it may be answered that no
                        increase of difficulty is intended by such an arrangement; that the <name key="name0001146" reg="University of North Carolina" type="organization">University of N. Carolina</name> ought to enter into honorable
                        competition with similar institutions in our country which have introduced
                        analytical Trigonometry &amp; Geometry into their course of instruction,
                        and that the interests of society and not that of individuals ought to
                        regulate not only the quantity but the quality of instruction.</p>
                    <p>I recommend therefore the candidates for the Freshman class be required to
                        stand an examination on the whole of Arithmetic, practical &amp;
                        theoretical, and Algebra as far as Irrational and Imaginary qualities in
                        <name key="pn0003256" reg="Young, John Radford" type="person" rend="yes">Young's</name> Algebra or a fair equivalent on the <hi rend="underscore">same
                            subjects</hi> in any other treatise, as are found in <name key="pn0003256" reg="Young, John Radford" type="person">Young</name>. This small
                        increase of qualifications for matriculation will enable us to introduce a
                        system of Analytical Trigonometry and Geometry, which would place our <name key="name0001146" reg="University of North Carolina" type="organization">University</name> on a level with the most respectable Institutions in
                        our country.</p>
                    <closer>With great respect<lb/>I am<lb/>Sir<lb/>Yours Truly</closer>
                    <signed>
                        <name key="pn0001360" reg="Phillips, James" type="person">James Phillips</name>
                    </signed>
                </div2>
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